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4781050
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Rice%20Rich
|
Arnold Rice Rich
|
Arnold Rice Rich (March 28, 1893 – April 17, 1968) was an American pathologist.
Career
Born March 28, 1893, in Birmingham, Alabama, Rich attended the University of Virginia, majoring in biology, and then the Johns Hopkins Medical School in Baltimore, Maryland, from which he received his M.D. degree in 1919. He remained associated with Hopkins the rest of his career. He was appointed Chairman of the Department of Pathology and pathologist-in-chief of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1944, until he retired in 1958.
Work
Rich had broad interests in medicine. Among his many contributions, he classified jaundice, helped understand the formation of bile pigment, studied the relationship between hypersensitivity and immunity, especially in tuberculosis (on which he was one of the reigning experts) and discovered the phagocytic function of the Gaucher cell, the hallmark of Gaucher's disease.
A number of diseases or conditions are named after Rich, including:
Hamman-Rich syndrome and the
Rich focus
Personal life
Rich was Jewish. His father Samuel Rice was an Ashkenazi immigrant from Košice in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (present day Slovakia), while his mother was a Sephardi Jew from Vicksburg, Mississippi. Samuel Rice owned a successful shoe store in Birmingham. In 1925 Arnold married the pianist and composer Helen Jones. They had two daughters: the poet Adrienne Rich (1929-2012 ) and the writer Cynthia Rich (1933- ). Arnold Rice Rich died April 17, 1968, in Baltimore, Maryland.
References
External links
Brief biography of Rich in WhoNamedIt?
Arnold Rice Rich, A Biographical Memoir by Ella H. Oppenheimer
1893 births
1968 deaths
American Ashkenazi Jews
American pathologists
American people of Slovak-Jewish descent
American Sephardic Jews
University of Virginia alumni
Jewish physicians
Johns Hopkins Hospital physicians
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine alumni
Physicians from Birmingham, Alabama
20th-century American physicians
20th-century American Sephardic Jews
|
4781051
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgenland%20Croatian
|
Burgenland Croatian
|
Burgenland Croatian (; , ) is a regional variety of the Chakavian dialect of Croatian spoken in Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Burgenland Croatian is recognized as a minority language in the Austrian state of Burgenland, where it is spoken by 19,412 people according to official reports (2001). Many of the Burgenland Croatian speakers in Austria also live in Vienna and Graz, due to the process of urbanization, which is mostly driven by the poor economic situation of large parts of Burgenland.
Smaller Croatian minorities in western Hungary, southwestern Slovakia, and southern Czech Republic are often also called Burgenland Croats. They use the Burgenland Croatian written language and are historically and culturally closely connected to the Austrian Croats. The representatives of the Burgenland Croats estimate their total number in all three countries and emigration at around 70,000.
Dialects
Štoj dialect: dialect of the Croatian folklore group Štoji (Güttenbach, Stinatz, Neuberg), is Southern Chakavian dialect with some Western Shtokavian features
Vlah dialect: dialect of the "Vlahi" in Weiden bei Rechnitz, Zuberbach, Althodis, Schandorf, Dürnbach, Allersdorf, etc., is Western Shtokavian (Schakavian) dialect very similar to Western Ikavian with influence from neighboring Burgenland dialects
Dolinci dialect: dialect of the Dolinci in Unterpullendorf, Frankenau, Kleinmutschen, etc. is a Central Chakavian dialect
Poljan dialect: dialect of the Poljanci near Lake Neusiedl, is a Central Chakavian dialect
Hati dialect: Central Chakavian dialect of Hati near Neusiedl
Grob dialect: Central Chakavian dialect, or mixed Chakavian-Kajkavian dialect, spoken in Chorvátsky Grob etc. in Slovakia
History
Burgenland Croatian was the language of Croatian refugees who fled Croatia during the Croatian–Ottoman wars and settled in the western part of what was then Hungary, the area where they still live. Burgenland Croats included speakers of all three dialects of the Croatian language (Shtokavian, Chakavian and Kajkavian), with the majority being the Chakavians. A part of them originally probably came from Dalmatia, and all of them mostly emigrated from the river Una valley.
Burgenland Croats did not take part in the shaping of the present standard Croatian in the 19th century. Instead, they constructed their own written standard based mainly on the local Chakavian speech and adopted the Croatian alphabet, a modified Latin alphabet, as their script.
It is still a matter of debate whether Burgenland Croatian should be classified as a Slavic micro-language of its own. Burgenland Croatian dialects are mostly viewed as isolated dialects of the Croatian.
Burgenland Croatian and the Prekmurje dialect of Slovene (in Prekmurje and Hungary) have influenced each other. The first Prekmurje Slovene works (for example, the Old Hymnal of Martjanci) was applied to the Burgenland Croatian books. A few of those that wrote in Prekmurje Slovene were of Burgenland Croatian descent (for example Jakab Szabár) and also Burgenland Croatian (József Ficzkó).
After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1918 the areas in which Burgenland Croats lived were divided between Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. After 1921 most of these areas became part of Austria, which established a new province of Burgenland, after which the Croatian minority was named. In 1922 Austria founded the Apostolic administration of Burgenland and began to abolish bilingual schools through the introduction of the teaching of German in all primary schools. This process was temporarily stopped after The National Education Act, that allowed the work of the Croatian elementary schools, was adopted. After Hitler Annexed Austria in 1938 this law was abolished. In 1955 the Austrian State Treaty was signed. It gave permission to the Burgenland Croats to use Croatian in education, judiciary and public administration. With the adoption of the Law on National Minorities in 1976 use of Croatian in public life became limited. After constitutional complaint was accepted in 1987 parts of the law were changed and Croatian was introduced as an official in 6 out of 7 districts of Burgenland.
Written language
Burgenland Croatian written language is based mainly on the local Chakavian dialect with some influences from the other Croatian dialects spoken in Burgenland. It uses the Latin alphabet with the same diacritical modifiers as the Croatian alphabet. In the course of language development it acquired some of its own specialised vocabulary, sometimes different from that used in standard Croatian.
The popular The Little Prince has also been translated into Burgenland Croatian (1998), specifically the Standard version by Ivan Rotter.
Differences between Standard and Burgenland Croatian
Example words
First books written in Burgenland Croatian
The beginnings of literacy are linked to: Klimpuški misal (Klimpuški Missal) (1501), S. Consul Histrianus and Antun Dalmatin's Postila (Fasting) (1568), Dusevne pesne (Duševne pesne, Spiritual songs) (1609) and Grgur Mekinić Pythiraeus's Druge kniige dussevnih peszszan (Druge knjige duševnih pesan, Other books of the Spiritual songs) (1611). Until the mid-19th century, the literature in Burgenland Croatian had religious character and was intended mostly for peasants. Main writers were priests and nuns. In the second half of the 19th century teachers began to write. Thanks to that, many school textbooks and calendars were written.
Newspapers written in Burgenland Croatian
Newspapers of the Burgenland Croats are: Crikveni glasnik (Church Gazette), 1946; Naše selo (Our village), 1947; Naš tjednik (Our weekly), 1947; Naša domovina (Our homeland), 1952; Glas (Voice), 1957; Novi glas (New Voice), 1969; Put (Way), 1981).
Writers writing in Burgenland Croatian
Most popular Burgenland Croat writers are: J. Mulih (1694–1754), Godefrid Palković (1714–78), L. Bogović (1719–89), E. M. Kragel (1725–88), M. Laáb (cca. 1746–1823), J. Ficko (1772–1843), M. Drobilić (1808–91), T. Jordan (1815–93), G. Glavanić (1833–72), M. Naković (1840–1900), I. Mušković (1848–1930), M. Borenić (1850–1939), Ivan Čuković (1865–1944), P. Jandrišević (1879–1938), I. Blažević (1888–1946), Mate Meršić Miloradić (1850–1928), Ignac Horvat (1895–1973), Martin Meršić, A. Blazović (1921–2004), Franz Probst (1919–93), N. Benčić (b. 1938), Ivan (Lav) Sučić (b. 1938), Mathilda Bölcs (b. 1949), J. Čenar (b. 1956), P. Tyran (b. 1955) and H. Gassner (b. 1955).
The Lord's prayer in Slovene, Burgenland Croatian (1830 and 2021), and Standard Croatian
See also
Minority languages of Austria
Dialects of Serbo-Croatian
References
External links
Burgenland Croatian Center in Vienna
Scientific Institute of the Burgenland Croats
Croatian Cultural and Documentation Center in Eisenstadt
Language
Croatian language
Languages of Austria
|
4781052
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Austin
|
Mario Austin
|
Mario Trevon Austin (born February 26, 1982) is an American former professional basketball player.
College career
Austin played 3 seasons at Mississippi State under head coach Rick Stansbury. He is well known for hitting a clutch 3-point shot in the first 3-point attempt of his career at Mississippi State in a 2002 win over Kentucky. Austin was named second team All-SEC that season (2001–02).
Austin returned to the Bulldogs in 2002–03 and was named first team All-SEC. Austin declared for the 2003 NBA draft at the season, choosing not to return to Mississippi State for his senior year.
Professional career
After being drafted 36th overall in the 2003 NBA draft by the Chicago Bulls, Austin left to play overseas, starting his professional career with CSKA Moscow, but was released after an injury before playing an official game. Afterwards he signed with the Jackson Rage of the WBA where he spent the remainder of the season.
In 2004, he signed with Italian team Lauretana Biella and in 2005 he was with Hapoel Jerusalem B.C. who got sponsored by billionaire Arkadi Gaydamak shortly before, he quickly became one of the dominant players in the team and led it to the Uleb Cup semi-finals and to the Israeli League Finals
In the summer of 2007, he joined the Bulls for the 2007 NBA Summer League and later, he signed with Benetton Treviso.
On July 18, 2008, Austin signed with Beşiktaş Cola Turka.
At the start of the 2009–10 season, Austin was signed by Meridiano Alicante, but was released on January 21, 2010. On April 10, 2010, Austin was signed by the Atléticos de San Germán of the Puerto Rican league but was waived the next month.
On August 13, 2010, Austin signed with Ukrainian club BC Dnipro. On April 2, 2011, the Bulls traded his draft rights to the Utah Jazz as part of the Carlos Boozer sign-and-trade.
On October 31, 2011, Austin signed with BC Kyiv.
On November 3, 2012 Austin signed with Al Kuwait. On November 9, 2013, he signed with Kuwaiti club Kazma.
On February 3, 2015, Austin signed with KB Peja of the Siguria Superleague and on October 9, Austin signed with Deportivo Valdivia of the Liga Nacional de Básquetbol de Chile (LNB). On November 14, he was waived by Deportivo Valdivia.
Throughout his 12 years of professional basketball, Austin never played in an NBA game. Making him 1 of 11 players from the 2003 NBA Draft Class to never play in the league.
References
External links
Profile at acb.com
Profile at legabasket.it
1982 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Chile
American expatriate basketball people in China
American expatriate basketball people in the Dominican Republic
American expatriate basketball people in Iran
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Kosovo
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American expatriate basketball people in Ukraine
American men's basketball players
Atléticos de San Germán players
Basketball players from Alabama
BC Dnipro players
BC Kyiv players
Beşiktaş men's basketball players
CB Lucentum Alicante players
Centers (basketball)
Chicago Bulls draft picks
Fujian Sturgeons players
Hapoel Jerusalem B.C. players
KB Peja players
Liga ACB players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Mississippi State Bulldogs men's basketball players
Pallacanestro Biella players
Pallacanestro Treviso players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
PBC CSKA Moscow players
People from Livingston, Alabama
Power forwards (basketball)
|
4781058
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27t%20Woud
|
't Woud
|
t Woud is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk, and lies about 12 km east of Amersfoort.
't Woud was founded by farmers at the beginning of the 20th century. After they had made the soil ready for farming they expanded their operations for decades. Nowadays only a few large farming companies are left. The other inhabitants are merely people who love living on the countryside.
It was first mentioned between 1830 and 1855 as 't Woud, and means wood. The postal authorities have placed it under Nijkerk. There are no place name signs, and the hamlet consists of about 30 houses.
References
Populated places in Gelderland
Nijkerk
|
4781063
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijkerkerveen
|
Nijkerkerveen
|
Nijkerkerveen is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk, and lies about 6 km east of Amersfoort.
It was first mentioned in 1807 as Nieuwkerker Vheen, and means "bog near Nijkerk". In 1840, it was home to 1,197 people. In 1908, the first church was built.
References
External links
Nijkerkerveen is het Hart van Nijkerk
Populated places in Gelderland
Nijkerk
|
4781068
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holkerveen
|
Holkerveen
|
Holkerveen is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk and lies about six kilometers northeast of Amersfoort.
It was first mentioned in 1994 as Holkerveen, and means bog near Holk. The hamlet started in the 19th century as a peat colony. The postal authorities have placed it under Nijkerkerveen.
References
Populated places in Gelderland
Nijkerk
|
4781073
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoevelaken
|
Hoevelaken
|
Hoevelaken is a town in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk, and lies about 5 km east of Amersfoort.
Hoevelaken was a separate municipality until 2000, when it was merged with Nijkerk.
History
It was first mentioned in 1132 as Hovelaken, and means "estate near the river Laak". It started as a linear settlement. In 1402, the castle Huis te Hoevelaken was built. In 1672, it was destroyed and probably most of the village was destroyed as well. Between 1806 and 1809, the road from Amersfoort to Deventer was paved which resulted in an increase of economical activity in the village. The tower of the Dutch Reformed Church dates from the 16th century. The medieval church has disappeared during the extensions of 1866 and 1930. In 1840, Hoevelaken was home to 742 people.
Transport links
In national context, the town is mostly known because of the homonymous motorway interchange between the E30, E231 and E232. This interchange is an important hub for north- and eastbound traffic in the Netherlands.
Hoevelaken railway station opened in 2012 to serve the town.
Notable residents
Henry Timmer, football player
Levi van Veluw, artist and photographer
Conny Vandenbos, singer
Gallery
References
Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2000
Populated places in Gelderland
Former municipalities of Gelderland
Former municipalities of Utrecht (province)
Nijkerk
|
4781076
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Burne
|
Alfred Burne
|
Alfred Higgins Burne DSO (1886–1959) was a soldier and military historian. He invented the concept of Inherent Military Probability; in battles and campaigns where there is some doubt over what action was taken, Burne believed that the action taken would be one which a trained staff officer of the twentieth century would take.
Career
Alfred Burne was educated at Winchester School and RMA Woolwich, before being commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1906. He was awarded the DSO during the First World War and, during World War II, was Commandant of the 121st Officer Cadet Training Unit. He retired as a Lieutenant-Colonel.
He was Military Editor of Chambers Encyclopedia from 1938 to 1957 and became an authority on the history of land warfare. He was a contributor to the Dictionary of National Biography.
Burne lived in Kensington and his funeral was held at St Mary Abbots there.
Inherent Military Probability
Burne introduced the concept of Inherent Military Probability (IMP) to the study of military history. He himself defined it thus :
My method here is to start with what appear to be undisputed facts, then to place myself in the shoes of each commander in turn, and to ask myself in each case what I would have done. This I call working on Inherent Military Probability. I then compare the resulting action with the existing record in order to see whether it discloses any incompatibility with the existing facts. If not, I then go on to the next debatable or obscure point in the battle and repeat the operation
More succinctly, John Keegan defined IMP as
The solution of an obscurity by an estimate of what a trained soldier would have done in the circumstances
Bibliography
Mesopotamia, The Last Phase (1936)
Lee, Grant and Sherman (1938)
The Art of War on Land (1944)
Strategy as Exemplified in the Second World War (1946)
The Noble Duke of York (1949)
The Battlefields of England (1950)
More Battlefields of England (1953)
The Woolwich Mess (1954)
The Crecy War (1954)
The Agincourt War (1956)
A Military History of the First Civil War (1642-1646) (with Peter Young, 1959)
References
1886 births
1959 deaths
People educated at Winchester College
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
Royal Artillery officers
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
British military historians
|
4781082
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achterhoek%2C%20Nijkerk
|
Achterhoek, Nijkerk
|
Achterhoek () is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk, and lies about 6 km north of Amersfoort.
It was first mentioned in 1608 as "in den Achterhoeck", and means "far away corner". The postal authorities have placed it under Nijkerk. It has no place name signs. In 1840, Achterhoek and De Veenhuis had a combined population of 190 people. Nowadays, Achterhoek consists of about 30 houses.
References
Populated places in Gelderland
Nijkerk
|
4781083
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich%20focus
|
Rich focus
|
A Rich focus is a tuberculous granuloma occurring within the cortex or meninges of the brain that ruptures into the subarachnoid space, causing tuberculous meningitis. The Rich focus is named for Arnold Rice Rich, a pathologist at Johns Hopkins Hospital, who along with his colleague Howard McCordock first described the post-mortem finding of caseous foci within the cerebral cortex or meninges which appeared to predate the development of meningitis. Prior to their research the prevailing view had been that meningitis occurred as a result of the dissemination of tuberculous bacilli associated with miliary tuberculosis and that these processes occurred at the same time.
Developments
More recently a more comprehensive classification of the pathogenesis of tuberculous meningitis has been proposed by Donald et al.:
A Rich focus develops as a result of haematogenous dissemination from the primary complex, including miliary tuberculousis, subsequently rupturing into the sub-arachnoid space.
A Rich focus develops within the choroid plexus or ventricular walls as a result of haematogenous dissemination.
The mechanism described by Rich and McCordock in which haematogenous dissemination at the time of infection, or later, results in development of a Rich focus which is initially controlled but later ruptures into the subarachnoid space.
Direct extension from an adjacent structure such as the vertebrae results in development of meningitis.
References
Neurological disorders
|
4781086
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Veenhuis
|
De Veenhuis
|
De Veenhuis is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk, and lies about 6 km north of Amersfoort.
It was first mentioned in 1453 as "op Veenhusen", and means "houses on the moorland". The postal authorities have placed it under Nijkerk. In 1840, it was home to 190 people. De Veenhuis has no place name signs, and nowadays consists of about 10 houses.
References
Populated places in Gelderland
Nijkerk
|
4781088
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculous%20meningitis
|
Tuberculous meningitis
|
Tuberculous meningitis, also known as TB meningitis or tubercular meningitis, is a specific type of bacterial meningitis caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of the meninges—the system of membranes which envelop the central nervous system.
Signs and symptoms
Fever and headache are the cardinal features; confusion is a late feature and coma bears a poor prognosis. Meningism is absent in a fifth of patients with TB meningitis. Patients may also have focal neurological deficits.
Causes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis of the meninges is the cardinal feature and the inflammation is concentrated towards the base of the brain. When the inflammation is in the brain stem subarachnoid area, cranial nerve roots may be affected. The symptoms will mimic those of space-occupying lesions.
Blood-borne spread certainly occurs, presumably by crossing the blood–brain barrier, but a proportion of patients may get TB meningitis from rupture of a cortical focus in the brain; an even smaller proportion get it from rupture of a bony focus in the spine.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of tuberculous meningitis involves bacterial invasion of the brain parenchyma meninges or cortex, causing the formation of small subpial foci. These foci, termed Rich foci, are necrotic and expand as the colonies within them multiply. Tubercle (focal) rupture in the subarachnoid space causes meningitis.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of TB meningitis is made by analysing cerebrospinal fluid collected by lumbar puncture. When collecting CSF for suspected TB meningitis, a minimum of 1 ml of fluid should be taken (preferably 5 to 10 ml). The CSF usually has a high protein, low glucose and a raised number of lymphocytes. Acid-fast bacilli are sometimes seen on a CSF smear, but more commonly, M. tuberculosis is grown in culture. A spiderweb clot in the CSF that has been collected is rare but indicative of TB meningitis. ELISPOT testing is not useful for the diagnosis of acute TB meningitis and is often false negative, but may paradoxically become positive after treatment has started, which helps to confirm the diagnosis.
Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT)
This is a group of tests that use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect mycobacterial nucleic acid. These test vary in which nucleic acid sequence they detect and vary in their accuracy. The two most common commercially available tests are the amplified mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test (MTD, Gen-Probe) and Amplicor. In 2007, review concluded that for diagnosing tuberculous meningitis "Individually, the AMTD test appears to perform the best (sensitivity 74% and specificity 98%)", they found the pooled prevalence of TB meningitis to be 29%.
Treatment
The treatment of TB meningitis is isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for two months, followed by isoniazid and rifampicin alone for a further ten months. Steroids help reduce the risk of death in those without HIV. Steroids can be used in the first six weeks of treatment, A few people may require immunomodulatory agents such as thalidomide. Hydrocephalus occurs as a complication in about a third of people with TB meningitis. The addition of aspirin may reduce or delay mortality, possibly by reducing complications such as infarcts.
References
External links
Tuberculosis
Meningitis
|
4781089
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijk
|
Wijk
|
Wijk can refer to:
Wijk aan Zee, part of the municipality Beverwijk, in North Holland, the Netherlands
Wijk bij Duurstede, in Utrecht, the Netherlands
Wijk en Aalburg, the main town in the municipality of Aalburg, North Brabant, the Netherlands
See also
Wyk (disambiguation)
|
4781091
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holk
|
Holk
|
Holk is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk, and lies about 7 km northeast of Amersfoort.
It was first mentioned around 1325 as Hollic, and means "low lying neighbourhood". Holk is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Nijkerk. In 1840, it was home to 204 people. Since 2012, it has place name signs.
References
Populated places in Gelderland
Nijkerk
|
4781097
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doornsteeg
|
Doornsteeg
|
Doornsteeg is a neighbourhood of Nijkerk and a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk, and lies about 8 km northeast of Amersfoort.
It was first mentioned in 1556 as Dorenstege, and means "thorny path". The hamlet consists of about 25 houses. Since 2016, Nijkerk has started to build a new neighbourhood near the hamlet. It will consists of about 1,200 houses and cover an area of .
References
Populated places in Gelderland
Nijkerk
|
4781101
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slichtenhorst
|
Slichtenhorst
|
Slichtenhorst is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk, and lies about 8 km east of Amersfoort.
It was first mentioned in 1434 as Slichterhorst, and means "flat height with growth". The postal authorities have placed it under Nijkerk. The land around Slichtenhorst used to be owned by the Abdinckhof monastery in Paderborn. In 1803, during the French occupation, the land was confiscated by the State and sold to Dutch farmers. In 1840, Slichtenhorst was home to 423 people.
References
Populated places in Gelderland
Nijkerk
|
4781106
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driedorp
|
Driedorp
|
Driedorp is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk, and lies about 10 km east of Amersfoort.
It was first mentioned in 1874 as Driedorp and probably means "village of three houses". The postal authorities have placed it under Nijkerk. The village developed in the late 19th century, and used to have a railway stop from 1903 until 1933. A little church was built in 1867 and since 2010, it is an independent church, because it did not want to join the united Protestant Church in the Netherlands. In 2019, it won the competition for most beautiful place name in Gelderland.
References
Populated places in Gelderland
Nijkerk
|
4781109
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanephrogenic%20blastema
|
Metanephrogenic blastema
|
The metanephrogenic blastema or metanephric blastema (or metanephric mesenchyme, or metanephric mesoderm) is one of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney, the other being the ureteric bud.
The metanephric blastema mostly develops into nephrons, but can also form parts of the collecting duct system.
The system of tissue induction between the ureteric bud and the metanephric blastema is a reciprocal control system. GDNF, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, is produced by the metanephric blastema and is essential in binding to the Ret receptor on the ureteric bud, which bifurcates and coalesces as a result to form the renal pelvis, major and minor calyces and collecting ducts. Mutations in the EYA1 gene, whose product regulates GDNF expression in the developing kidney, lead to the renal abnormalities of BOR syndrome (branchio-oto-renal syndrome).
See also
Mesenchyme
Metanephros
Blastema
Kidney development
References
External links
Diagram at mcgill.ca 1
Diagram at mcgill.ca 2
Embryology
|
4781110
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina%20%28program%29
|
Regina (program)
|
Regina is a suite of mathematical software for 3-manifold topologists. It focuses upon the study of 3-manifold triangulations and includes support for normal surfaces and angle structures.
Features
Regina implements a variant of Rubinstein's 3-sphere recognition algorithm. This is an algorithm that determines whether or not a triangulated 3-manifold is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere.
Regina further implements the connect-sum decomposition. This will decompose a triangulated 3-manifold into a connect-sum of triangulated prime 3-manifolds.
Homology and Poincare duality for 3-manifolds, including the torsion linking form.
Includes portions of the SnapPea kernel for some geometric calculations.
Has both a GUI and Python interface.
See also
Computational topology
References
Mathematical software
|
4781112
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekkeveld
|
Nekkeveld
|
Nekkeveld is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk, and lies about 8 km north of Amersfoort.
Nekkeveld is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Nijkerk. It was first mentioned in 1250 as "in Ekelenvelde", and means field with oak trees. There are no official place name signs, however a farmer has put a sign in its driveway. Nekkeveld consists of about 7 houses.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Gelderland
Nijkerk
|
4781113
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance%20lock
|
Balance lock
|
The balance lock was a type of boat lift designed by James Fussell (1748-1832) to transport boats up and down a hillside on a canal. An experimental balance lock was built as part of the Dorset and Somerset Canal and work was started for four more, but the project failed for financial reasons and they were not completed.
History
When the Dorset and Somerset Canal was authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1796, the builders were faced with the need for many locks, as the branch to Frome needed to accommodate a change in level of . James Fussell was a knowledgeable ironworker, and proposed the building of boat lifts to raise and lower the boats, rather than conventional locks. There had been some precursors, for John Duncombe had invented a counterbalanced lift in 1790, while working as the engineer on the Ellesmere Canal, and Robert Wheldon was proposing to use lifts on the nearby Somerset Coal Canal.
From the documents which accompanied the bill when it was submitted to parliament, it is evident that Fussell's plans were already well-formulated. However, since the design was untested, an experimental boat lift was built at the top of Barrow Hill. It would be capable of handling boats weighing 10 tons, and would raise them by . In many respects, it was similar to those later built by James Green on the Grand Western Canal, which also used counterbalanced caissons. However, there were differences. One was that Fussell's design used chains which passed round wheels attached to the caisson, the end of which was fixed to the top of the structure, whereas Green fixed his chains to a bar on the caisson. Fussells design included guide rails running up the chamber, which steadied the caisson, and he used a separate chamber beneath the caisson to hold extra water, which made the top tank heavier, and thus provided the motive power to cause the lift to operate. The design of his balance lock formed the basis for a patent application, number 2284, which he obtained in 1798.
The trial lift was completed, and a series of tests were carried out in September and October 1800. The Bath Chronicle carried a report of the test on 16 October, stating that the lift had been operated several times, without any difficulty or problems, and that engineers had inspected it carefully and declared themselves entirely satisfied. The company intended to build five more lifts on Barrow Hill, and pits for four of them were excavated. Some stone work was also begun, but the company ran out of money, and the project was abandoned following the failure to raise additional money in 1803.
Details
Following excavations at the site in 2005 and 2006, the structure was estimated to be high and long. The total width was around , which included the two pits and a central spine wall.
See also
Canals of the United Kingdom
History of the British canal system
Caisson lock
Bibliography
References
External links
Dorset and Somerset canal, with information on locks
Locks (water navigation)
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4781116
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruishaar
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Kruishaar
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Kruishaar is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk, and lies about 11 km east of Amersfoort. A small part belongs to the municipality of Putten.
It was first mentioned in 1560 as Cruyshaer, and means "sandy ridge with a cross sign". The postal authorities have placed it under Nijkerk. There are no place name signs. There are about 70 living vans in Kruishaar.
References
Populated places in Gelderland
Nijkerk
Putten
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4781118
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forerunner%20%28magazine%29
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Forerunner (magazine)
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The Forerunner was a monthly magazine produced by Charlotte Perkins Gilman (best known as the writer of "The Yellow Wallpaper"), from 1909 through 1916. During that time, she wrote all of every issue — editorials, critical articles, book reviews, essays, poems, stories, and six serialized novels. Gilman's drive for social change was the inspiration for Forerunner and its controversial articles. She succeeded in administering progressive ideas for change to the magazine's readers, growing support for her desires during the women's suffrage movement. The magazine was based in New York City.
History and profile
The first issue of The Forerunner appeared in November 1909. Among the most notable pieces published in The Forerunner are the three novels of Gilman's feminist utopian trilogy, Moving the Mountain (1911), Herland (1915), and With Her in Ourland (1916). Herland, the most famous of these books, presents an all-women society in which women reproduce themselves through parthenogenesis, and the female value of nurturing is upheld by the community.
Gilman used The Forerunner as the venue for other major works, including Man-Made World (1911) and her novels What Diantha Did (1909–10), The Crux (1911), Mag-Marjorie (1912), Won Over (1913), and Begnina Machiavelli (1914).
Gilman succeeded in commanding 1300 subscribers at the peak of the magazine's circulation, equalling around 6500 readers. The magazine was unbacked by advertisers and paid for by Gilman herself. It was published once a month, costing a dollar per year.
The magazine ceased publication in 1916. The complete Forerunner takes up 28 full-length books.
Philosophy
As an advocate for women's rights, Gilman began publishing The Forerunner to reach out to women during the early 1900s who hoped to further their franchise and natural rights to become equal to the rights which were afforded to men. She aimed to change the idea that women must be passive and their only role be in household duties. Gilman wanted to attract the average woman to become a reader, and aid in persuading them to fight for a just change in society. According to Cane and Alves, “The short fiction written and published by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in her magazine, The Forerunner (1909–16), concerns ordinary women who deflect the traditional trajectories of their lives to create better situations for themselves and, in so doing, improve the lives of those around them.” Forerunner not only fought to contradict the popular media of the time, but also proposed new ideas on the place of women in society.
The writings published by Gilman in The Forerunner were of sharp contrast to the texts that were available to women during the early 1900s. Women were expected to read about the appropriate etiquette assumed for them in marriage and the household. For example, the paramount journal of the early 1900s was Ladies’ Home Journal, which portrayed women as passive, focused on marriage and family issues, and was concerned with reaching the specific audience of middle class white women. Cane and Alves bring to light Gilman's goals. “Gilman’s Forerunner, on the other hand, existed to counteract popular images of women and such personal limitations on their everyday lives that the mass media promulgated.” Fighting the assumed roles of women and the representation of women in society was not a simple undertaking given the constraints placed upon women by the general public and prevailing cultural standards. A patriarchal society was rampantly dominant throughout the standing government and general population. The beliefs held by the community of a woman's place restricted a woman's access to opportunity and education, a problem which Gilman was passionately determined to change.
As Gilman herself describes, “The Forerunner . . . does not fill your brain with more facts, but stirs it to new action. . . . It stands for Human Progress, and concentrates upon the Progress of Women only because their present position is the world’s stumbling block.” By publishing The Forerunner, Gilman hoped to inspire woman to take the steps towards changing the concepts of what a woman “should be” and stimulate the community to promote a commonality in the civil liberties of women. By perpetuating a diverse collection of ideas in her writings, Gilman wrote to address and effect the main issue she believed was adversely impacting the nation.
Gilman believed one of the main issues faced in the society of the time period was a lack of opportunities and education, beyond motherly knowledge, afforded to women even though these opportunities were readily available to bolster the advancement of men. She discusses this matter of contention in "Our Brains and What Ails Them," published in Forerunner in 1912. Her stance that women are stunted in society is expressed in this article. She writes, “So the human brain has grown, by normal use and exercise, in the male; and been stunted, denied normal use and exercise in the female. . . .” She supported the idea that, “The major lack in the minds of women is in experience.” Hoping to break new ground in the forefront of the women's movement, Forerunner confronts the lack of education for women head on.
The solutions offered for the problems Gilman believed faced women were not ones of rebellion and fast-paced revolution, but realistic subtle changes which would not intimidate the reader. Gilman argued that, “The liberation of women- and of children and men, for that matter- required getting women out of the house, both practically and ideologically.” The articles were mainly stories of fiction which were more relatable to her audience at the time, and useful in contrasting the writings in other popular media outlets.
References
1909 establishments in the United States
1916 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct literary magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1909
Magazines disestablished in 1916
Poetry magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Magazines published in New York City
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4781121
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsenkamp
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Prinsenkamp
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Prinsenkamp is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk, and lies about 16 km east of Amersfoort.
It was first mentioned in 1835 as Achterste Prinsenkamp, and means "fenced off land belonging to the Prinsen family". The postal authorities have placed it under Nijkerk. There are no place name signs. During World War II, most farms were destroyed. Nowadays, there are about 270 holiday homes in Prinsenkamp.
References
Populated places in Gelderland
Nijkerk
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4781132
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyabonga%20Nomvethe
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Siyabonga Nomvethe
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Siyabonga Eugene Nomvethe (; born 2 December 1977) is a South African former professional soccer player who played as a forward.
Nomvethe played in several European leagues. Nomvethe represented the South Africa national team from his debut on 6 May 1999, and he played in the 2002 and 2010 World Cups. He is the highest all-time goal scorer in the PSL.
Biography
Nomvethe was born in the township of KwaMashu north of Durban in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa.
Club career
Nomvethe started playing as a striker for the Durban-based lower league club Durban Cosmos in 1994, from which he moved to Claremont Blizzards.
African Wanderers
When Claremont Blizzards folded the following year, Nomvethe moved to African Wanderers in the second best South African league. He helped the club secure promotion and Nomvethe made his first appearances in the Premier Soccer League, playing alongside later Bafana Bafana striker Sibusiso Zuma and Phumlani Mkhize. In his debut season, he scored a brace against Chiefs.
Kaizer Chiefs
In July 1998, he moved on to become a part of the striking force of Kaizer Chiefs. Following 42 goals in 79 games for Kaizer Chiefs, Nomvethe moved abroad in 2001. He was then already touted as a coming star for the Bafana Bafana. Nomvethe made his debut on 8 August 1998 and scored in a 2–1 loss to Bloemfontein Celtic. He injured himself and was out of action for a few months; he did come back later on that season and scored a total of eight goals. Nomvethe was put in place of Pollen Ndlanya who left the team and score 22 goals in all competition including three in the BobSave Super Bowl to help Chiefs win their first silverware of the new millennium. He scored 11 goals on either half of the season and scored Chiefs first goal of the millennium on 8 January 2000 against his old team African Wanderers. He scored 18 goals in all competitions the next season scoring his tenth against Ria Stars on 21 January 2001. He scored his last goal on 24 April 2001 in a 5–0 win over Bloemfontein Celtic in a BobSave Super Bowl quarter final in the 65th minute which was his 58th for Chiefs.
Udinese
He signed with Italian club Udinese Calcio of the Serie A. In 2002, he was selected to play for South Africa at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. He made his presence clear when scoring the winning goal of the 1–0 win against Slovenia. Following two unsuccessful years at Udinese, Nomvethe was loaned out to smaller Italian clubs Salernitana Calcio and Empoli F.C. from January 2004 to June 2005. He was subsequently loaned out for six months to Djurgårdens IF in Sweden, before he permanently left Udinese in December 2005. He moved back to South Africa, signing on for Orlando Pirates.
Aalborg BK
In July 2006, he once again moved abroad, this time to play for Aalborg Boldspilklub (AaB) in the Danish Superliga. He stayed with AaB for three years, won the 2007–08 Danish Superliga championship with the club, and scored a goal in the penalty shoot-out as AaB was eliminated by Manchester City in the 2008–09 UEFA Cup round of 16.
Moroka Swallows
In 2009, Nomvethe moved back to South Africa to join Moroka Swallows, rivals of the two soweto giants, Kaizer Chiefs and Orlando Pirates he represented during his domestic career. Nomvethe at the age of 34, won the PSL Footballer of the Year, Absa Player of the Season, Players' Player of the Season and the Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot with 20 goals at the 2011–12 PSL awards which was a total of R600,000.
AmaZulu
Nomvethe last played for AmaZulu in the Premier Soccer League having joined the team in January 2016. He was the all leading top scorer in the PSL.
International career
Nomvethe received his first cap in 1999 against Trinidad and Tobago, becoming a first team player from 2001 to 2007. He played in the 2002 FIFA World Cup and scored the game's only goal against Slovenia. He also participated at the 2005 Gold Cup & 2006 African Cup of Nations until he lost his place on the national team, and he was not picked for either the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations nor the 2009 Confederations Cup under Joel Santana in South Africa.
But in April 2010, he was called up by Carlos Alberto Parreira for the friendly matches against Korea DPR and Jamaica. Nomvethe scored South Africa's second in a 2–0 victory over Jamaica, with what was his first international goal in three. He was selected for South Africa's squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and came off the bench as a substitute to play against France in South Africa's third and last game at the tournament.
He scored 16 goals for South Africa.
International goals
Scores and results list South Africa's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Nomvethe goal.
Coaching career
On 17 December 2020, it was announced that Siyabonga would be joining AmaZulu as an assistant coach to Benni McCarthy. This is his first coaching position.
Personal life
Nomvethe married his childhood sweetheart, Nompumelelo "Mpumi" Ngubane-Mpanza (b. 1980) on 6 July 2002 in a secret Zulu traditional wedding ceremony at KwaMashu D-section township outside Durban which was attended only by relatives and a few people from the local community. A week later, Mpanza faked a kidnapping plot and lied to the police in order to get his attention. Nomvethe and the police later found out that Mpanza had lied in order to go overseas to live with Nomvethe and according to the police, Mpanza was scared Nomvete would dump her and the baby for other girls in Italy. A local police spokesperson, superintendent Percy Mthembu, confirmed Mpanza was being investigated for obstructing the course of justice after she became unco-operative during their investigation. The angry star even threatened to kill the writer of a City Press article and said "I don't want to spill blood, but I will be forced to. Kuzophuma isidumbu ngalendaba. I'm telling you," he vowed. In February 2002, extortionists attempted to kidnap Mpanza and her baby Lifa twice at Inanda.
Honours
Djurgårdens IF
Allsvenskan: 2005
AaB
Danish Superliga: 2007–08
Moroka Swallows
Nedbank Cup: 2009
MTN 8: 2012
Individual
PSL Footballer of the Year: 2011–12
PSL Player of the Season: 2011–12
PSL Players' Player of the Season: 2011–12
Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot: 2011–12 (20 goals)
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
Soccer players from Durban
South African men's soccer players
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
South Africa men's international soccer players
Olympic soccer players for South Africa
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2000 African Cup of Nations players
2002 African Cup of Nations players
2004 African Cup of Nations players
2006 Africa Cup of Nations players
2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
South African expatriate men's soccer players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Allsvenskan players
Danish Superliga players
Kaizer Chiefs F.C. players
Udinese Calcio players
US Salernitana 1919 players
Empoli FC players
Djurgårdens IF Fotboll players
Orlando Pirates F.C. players
AaB Fodbold players
Moroka Swallows F.C. players
AmaZulu F.C. players
Uthongathi F.C. players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
South African expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
South African expatriate sportspeople in Italy
South African expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Expatriate men's footballers in Denmark
Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
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4781134
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Moon-Spinners
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The Moon-Spinners
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The Moon-Spinners is a 1964 American mystery film starring Hayley Mills, Eli Wallach and Peter McEnery in a story about a jewel thief hiding on the island of Crete. Produced by Walt Disney Productions, the film was loosely based (there are significant differences) upon a 1962 suspense novel by Mary Stewart and was directed by James Neilson. It featured the legendary silent film actress Pola Negri in her final screen performance.
The Moon-Spinners was Hayley Mills' fifth film in the series of six for Disney. It includes her first "proper" on-screen romance in a Disney movie.
Plot
A young English woman named Nikky Ferris and her aunt, Frances, a folk musicologist, travel to the village of Elounda, on the island of Crete. They rent a room at the Moon-Spinners Inn, though the innkeeper, Sophia, initially refuses them until her teenage son Alexis and Aunt Frances persuade her. Sophia's older brother, Stratos, not wanting any guests at the inn, questions Aunt Frances about why she chose the Moon-Spinners Inn, then reluctantly allows her and Nikky to stay one night.
During a wedding party at the inn later that evening, Nikky meets a young Englishman named Mark Camford, who invites her and Aunt Frances to dinner. He hints that Stratos is more than he appears. Mark then invites Nikky for a morning swim in the Bay of Dolphins. Later that night, Mark follows Stratos when he goes night fishing at the Bay of Dolphins. While watching Stratos, Mark is attacked.
The following morning, Nikky is disappointed to hear that Mark has abruptly checked out. While out walking, Nikky follows a trail of blood to a church basement where she finds a wounded Mark hiding. He asks Nikky to fetch some supplies, refusing to explain how he was shot. Nikky returns with a first aid kit, brandy, and a travel rug. Mark urges Nikky and her aunt to go to the nearby town of Agios Nikolaos for safety.
Returning to the inn, Nikky runs into Stratos, who is looking for her after learning about the missing items from Aunt Frances. Stratos sees through Nikky's cover story and searches the church, which is empty. Stratos ties Nikky up in a windmill while enlisting his crony Lambis to find Mark. Mark and Alexis later rescue Nikky.
Nikky and Mark take refuge in the ruins of an ancient temple. Mark reveals he is a former bank employee. While transporting jewelry from the bank to the Countess of Fleet, he was attacked and robbed, then fired. Mark believes Stratos stole the jewels and hid them somewhere in the Bay of Dolphins.
The duo spend the night hiding in the temple while Stratos hunts for them. The next morning, the British consul at Heraklion, Anthony Gamble, finds the pair and takes them to his summer villa in Agios Nikolaos, where his wife, Cynthia, looks after them. Anthony, who is actually Stratos' partner in crime, assures Stratos that he will deal with the couple.
Nikky learns from the Gambles that a rich woman named Madam Habib is arriving on her yacht. Mark surmises that Stratos intends to sell her the stolen jewels. Cynthia drugs Mark so that the Gambles can send him, along with Nikky, to an Athens hospital. En route to the airport, Mark awakens, tells Nikky he has to stop Stratos, kisses her, and leaves. He fights Stratos but fails to prevent him from absconding with the jewels. Nikky steals a motor launch and heads to Madame Habib's yacht.
Nikky tells Madam Habib that Stratos is a thief and is selling stolen jewels belonging to the Countess of Fleet, who happens to be an old friend of Habib's. Stratos arrives for the transaction. Mark, Frances, and Alexis arrive with the police and a fight ensues. Stratos is arrested and Madam Habib returns the jewels to Mark. Alexis leaves by boat, waving at Mark and Nikky, implying that they will be married by the time they return to Crete.
Cast
Hayley Mills as Nikky Ferris
Eli Wallach as Stratos
Peter McEnery as Mark Camford
Joan Greenwood as Frances Ferris
Irene Papas as Sophia
Pola Negri as Madame Habib
Michael Davis as Alexis
John Le Mesurier as Anthony Gamble
Paul Stassino as Lambis
Sheila Hancock as Cynthia Gamble
André Morell as Yacht Captain
George Pastell as Police Lieutenant
Tutte Lemkow as Orestes
Steve Plytas as Hearse Driver
Harry Tardios as Bus Driver
Pamela Barrie as Ariadne
Mel Blanc as Cat Effects (uncredited)
Differences Between the Book and the Film
The plots in the film and the book bear little resemblance. The book is aimed at an adult romantic suspense readership, while the film is aimed at a wider Disney audience. The lead character in the film, Nikky Ferris, is somewhat younger than in the novel, where Nicola Ferris is a secretary in the British Embassy in Athens. In the book, a mature Nicola travels alone to Crete and deals with life and death situations, though her cousin Frances Scourby, a botanist, joins Nicola Ferris late in the action. In the film an adolescent and less resolute Nikky is accompanied by her aunt Frances, a musicologist interested in folk tunes. The film leaves out entirely the main character Colin Langley, Mark's 15-year old brother, who in the film is a composite with the local Greek boy, Alexis. The movie morphs the character Lambis, the captain of the boat rented by the Langley brothers to tour the Greek Isles, from an ally to an adversary. In the film Mark Camford is on the trail of jewel thieves for a theft in which he was custodian of the jewels. In the novel Mark and Colin Langley are tourists in Crete who unwittingly witness a murder, Mark is shot and initially left for dead, Colin is kidnapped by the killers and escapes with the help of Sophia, and Mark Langley is subsequently hunted by the local killers who he must elude while searching for his brother. Nicola becomes increasingly entangled by circumstances, with Lambis enlisting her help to tend for a wounded Mark while he goes for help. Mark insists that Nicola stay clear of further involvement in his dangerous situation, and Nicola checks into Stratos's hotel in Agios Georgios, unknowingly finding herself among Mark's pursuers. On her way to warn Mark, Nicola encounters the escaped young Colin and protects him until he is reunited with Mark.
Production
The film production is similar to other Disney live-action features made in the 1950s and 1960s for more mainstream audiences, such as Treasure Island (1950) and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954). It was Walt Disney's penultimate live-action film in which he was credited as producer while alive.
Disney persuaded silent film actress Pola Negri, who had been retired for two decades, to return to the screen for this, her final film. For the 2006 biographical documentary film Pola Negri: Life Is a Dream in Cinema, both Mills and Wallach were extensively interviewed about their work with Negri in The Moon-Spinners.
Critical reception
The New York Times critic Bosley Crowther offered a mixed review, praising "the ripening attractiveness of the young British actress Hayley Mills and some beautiful scenery in color on the island of Crete", but calling the film "essentially an entertainment for the younger set". With regard to adult viewers, he noted that "it is a picture in which standard melodrama abounds – the kind that the older observer may find just too bubbling with clichés". Rotten Tomatoes, describing the film as a "distilled Hitchcockian suspense yarn, diluted for the consumption of children", gives it an approval rating of 63%.
See also
List of American films of 1964
References
External links
1964 films
1960s mystery films
American mystery films
Walt Disney Pictures films
Films directed by James Neilson
Films produced by Walt Disney
Films based on British novels
Films set in Crete
Films shot in Crete
Films about vacationing
American neo-noir films
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films produced by Bill Anderson (producer)
Films scored by Ron Grainer
1960s English-language films
1960s American films
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4781135
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarai%20Banjara%20train%20disaster
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Sarai Banjara train disaster
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The Sarai Banjara rail disaster occurred on 2 December 2000, when a derailed freight train crossed onto the opposite track early in the morning in Punjab, India. A Howrah–Amritsar Express a passenger train coming from other direction hit the freight train head-on at speed, killing 46 people and injuring at least 150.
The accident started when a cracked rail on the line between Mandi Gobindgarh and Rajpura in Punjab derailed a large freight train at 5.40 am without causing any injuries. The derailed train was covering both sides of the track, and so the driver dismounted to give a warning. As he was walking to the train office in Sarai Banjara railway station, the Howrah Mail train traveling between Calcutta and Amritsar crashed into the derailed freight train head-on at high speed.
Although the wreckage did not catch fire, the devastation was serious, with jack-knifed carriages, twisted metal, and the sheer number of injured people hampering the immediate rescue efforts. Ambulances arrived to take the injured to hospital, whilst local people, working alongside railway officials and emergency services tried to free the survivors trapped in the wreckage.
The final death toll was given as 46 killed and over 150 injured in the crash, although there have been some claims that over 50 people were killed. As is the custom in India, the rail authorities promised by way of compensation: 15,000 rupees to the families of the dead, 5,000 rupees to those seriously injured, and 500 to those with minor injuries.
Some politicians involved in the investigation initially believed that sabotage may have caused the goods train to derail, but a subsequent investigation concluded that the accident was entirely the result of poor track maintenance, combined with an inefficient warning system in case of emergency. The sabotage claim has been suggested by some as a ruse to disguise the dilapidated state of India's rail network.
Following the crash, the Hindustan Times ran an editorial, which commented:
"Indian Railways possibly runs the most unsafe service in the world. If the trains aren't killing people in collisions, then they are running over people at manned and unmanned crossings ... the body count is too high for anyone to feel safe in a train."
The site of the crash was not far from that of the Khanna rail disaster of 1998, in which 211 people were killed.
External links
Tribune News Reports
Report on the crash
World Socialist Report on track safety
Derailments in India
Railway accidents in 2000
2000 disasters in India
2000s in Punjab, India
Rail transport in Punjab, India
December 2000 events in India
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4781136
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Stinson%20%28Canadian%20politician%29
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John Stinson (Canadian politician)
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John Stinson (March 12, 1764 – January 7, 1842) was a political figure in Upper Canada.
He was born in New Hampshire in 1764, the son of a United Empire Loyalist also named John Stinson. He originally came to Sophiasburgh Township in 1786 but later settled in Hallowell Township. In 1796, he was named justice of the peace for the Midland District. He also was a captain in the local militia and served during the War of 1812. He was elected to the 5th Parliament of Upper Canada for Prince Edward in an 1811 by-election and was reelected in 1812. With Joseph Willcocks, he opposed measures attempting to prepare the province for war that administrator Isaac Brock introduced in 1812.
He died in Hallowell Township in 1842.
Further reading
Becoming Prominent: Leadership in Upper Canada, 1791-1841, J.K. Johnson (1989)
1764 births
1842 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
American emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Immigrants to Upper Canada
United Empire Loyalists
People from Prince Edward County, Ontario
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4781147
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Fussell%20IV
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James Fussell IV
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James Fussell IV (1748–1832) was an iron magnate operating the Old Iron Works, Mells in Vallis Vale between Mells and Great Elm in Somerset. He was a promoter of the Dorset and Somerset Canal and the inventor of both the roller chain and the balance lock.
Invention of the balance lock
The balance lock was a type of boat lift designed by James Fussell IV to transport boats up and down a hillside on a canal. An experimental balance lock was built as part of the Dorset and Somerset Canal
Invention of roller chain
Sketches by Leonardo da Vinci in the 16th century show a chain with a roller bearing. In 1800, James Fussell IV patented a roller chain on development of his balance lock and in 1880 Hans Renold patented a bush roller chain.
Business history
James Fussell III had leased the site in Mells in 1744, to erect "a good, firme and substantiall Mill or Mills for Grinding Edge Tools and forging Iron plates". His son, James Fussell IV further developed the business. At one time it employed 250 people and continued for many years, with various members of the Fussell family operating a total of six sites in the local area: the Upper Works further up the Wadbury Valley, the Great Elm Edge-Tool Works, the Chantry Works, the Railford Works and a small site at Gurney Slade. Tools produced by Fussells were exported to Europe and America, and the family expanded its activities to include coal mining and banking, with the business issuing its own banknotes at one stage.
The business declined towards the end of the 19th century, due in part to a failure to convert from water to steam power until a late stage, and also to the collapse of English agriculture in the 1870s. By 1895 production had ceased, and the company folded in 1900.
References
External links
James Fussell Iron Industry Story
1748 births
1832 deaths
English ironmasters
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4781152
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stair%20lift
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Stair lift
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A stair lift is a mechanical device for lifting people, typically those with disabilities, up and down stairs. For sufficiently wide stairs, a rail is mounted to the treads of the stairs. A chair or lifting platform is attached to the rail. A person gets onto the chair or platform and is lifted up or down the stairs by the chair which moves along the rail.
Stair lifts are known variously as stairlifts, stair-lifts, chair lifts, stair gliders and by other names. This type of chair lift should not be confused with the chairlift used by skiers. The term stair climber can refer either to stair lifts, or more commonly to the exercise equipment by the same name.
Some of the first stair lifts to be produced commercially were advertised and sold in the U.S. in the 1930s by the Inclinator Company of America. Many users at the time were victims of polio.
Now they are seen for use in elderly, fall-prone individuals, and disabled people who are unable to navigate stairs safely.
History
In the 1920s, C.C. Crispen, a Pennsylvania entrepreneur, created a way to enable an ailing friend to travel from floor to floor. Crispen's idea was to design a seat that could climb stairs. A self-taught engineer, he built the first prototype of the inclining chair. He called it the Inclin-ator.
Prior to this Frederick Muffett of Royal Tunbridge Wells invented and patented "An Invalid Chair with Tramway for use on Staircases".
Historian David Starkey in 2009 found evidence in a list of the possessions of King Henry VIII that the king used a stairlift. The 30 stone (190 kg) king, injured through jousting, used a chair that was hauled up and down stairs on a block and tackle system by servants at the Palace of Whitehall in London.
Features
Modern stair lifts can be found with a wide variety of features such as adjustable seat height, battery isolation switches, call stations, 'flip-up' rail, key switch, folding step, speed governor, seat belt, soft start and soft stop.
Rails
Straight rails for use on domestic staircases are usually made from extruded aluminum or steel and come in various cross-sectional shapes. These rails may, typically, weigh over , depending on the length. In most applications they are attached to the steps with metal brackets (sometimes called "cleats").
If a rail crosses a doorway at the bottom of the stairs or causes an obstruction, a hinge can be fitted so the end of the rail can be folded back out of the way when not in use.
Curved rails are made from materials such as steel or aluminum and come in various cross-sectional shapes according to the designer. Individual designs vary a lot and probably the key criterion is to make the curves with the smallest radius possible so they will wrap tightly around objects such as newel posts.
The sections of curved rails are usually packaged well to prevent damage in transit and are unwrapped and assembled on site.
Rails for wheelchair platform stair lifts may be secured to walls in addition to the step fixings.
Carriages
The carriage is the component which moves along the rail and normally runs on small diameter rollers. In most designs the carriage is pulled by a cable or chain, or driven along the inclined rail by a rack and pinion system or other drive arrangement.
Most domestic carriages have a seat with arms and a footrest. Some special models have a stand-on platform also known as a "perch" seat. For users with shorter legs a short seat can be fitted, to make the lift more comfortable to sit on. Seats can be tailored to suit individual needs.
The conventional layout for a typical domestic stair lift is to have the seat at right angles to the rail so the user travels "sidesaddle". At the top of the staircase the seat can be swiveled, commonly through around 45 degrees or 90 degrees, then locked in place to allow the user to alight from it onto a landing. Stair lifts are available with either a manual swivel or a powered swivel, depending on the users ability.
Most swivel seats have a safety switch so the stair lift won't move unless the seat is locked into its travel position. Special models with seats facing the bottom of the staircase have been produced for users with spinal or other conditions which prevent use of the conventional seat layout. More room is need on the landing with these special seats.
Popular types
Straight-rail stair lifts
These are the most common type of stair lifts used in private dwellings with straight stairs and have a straight rail (track) which is attached to the steps of the staircase. Straight-rail stair lifts can usually be installed within days of being ordered and, having a rail which is simply cut to length from a stock part, they are the least expensive stair lifts.
Curved-rail stair lifts
Curved stair lifts are made to follow the shape of an individual staircase (curved stairs). On staircases with intermediate flat landings they eliminate the need for multiple straight stair lifts by providing a continuous ride up the entire length of the staircase. Because the rail is custom-made to follow the staircase, and because the chair is more complex than on a straight-rail stair lift (it has to be able to remain level while traveling along a track which changes direction and angle), curved-rail stair lifts are more costly than stair lifts for straight stairs.
Specifying a curved-rail stair lifts usually involves careful measurement, design and manufacturing, and the installation process usually takes longer than for a straight domestic stair lift, usually between 5 – 10 weeks.
One manufacturer, Acorn, can provide a curved-rail stair lift made from modular parts. This has the advantage of quick delivery time, even next day.
The installer brings many parts and picks from them.
They are usually similar in price to a custom-made curved-rail stair lift.
Wheelchair vertical platform stair lifts
Vertical platform lifts come under the general definition of a stair lift and are usually of a much heavier construction than a domestic stair lift due to the fact they are going to transport a wheelchair or scooter and the person.
Most platform stair lifts are used in public access buildings and / or inside and outside private homes.
The platform is large enough to accommodate a wheelchair or scooter and its user, and may have folding edge flaps which drop down and act as ramps to allow for variations in floor levels. These flaps also prevent the wheelchair from going over the edge of the platform.
The rails are, necessarily, of heavy construction to support the load and the drive system is usually accommodated within a tubular section rail or aluminum extrusion. Some models have steel cables inside the tube, others have chains; yet others may use a rack and pinion system.
Many wheelchair platform stairlifts are designed and built to order. Others may comprise a standard platform and carriage, with the only special requirement being the length of rails or tracks.
Some stair lift chairs can also be moved and used as indoor wheelchairs.
Outdoor stair lifts
Outdoor stair lifts are available for straight and curved staircases. They operate similar to indoor stair lifts but include weather-resistant features to help the unit withstand extreme harsh temperatures and weather conditions. Most often, outdoor stair lifts are used on staircases for decks, home entryways or lake access.
Previously owned stair lifts
There is a second-user market for some types of stair lift. This is most common with straight rail domestic types. The rails can be cut to length if too long, or extended with a "joining kit". Most models allow the carriage to be "re-handed" so it can be used on the left or right side of the staircase.
During the early days of curved rail stair lifts there was no second user market because of the difficulty of matching rails to a different layout. Even staircases built to the same design specification in neighboring houses have variations, but in most attempted "transplants" there are too many differences to make it practicable. Many owners have had to pay to have unwanted curved stair lifts removed.
More recently, some curved rails have been produced to a modular design so components can be unbolted and used elsewhere, subject to design and safety considerations. In some cases, tubular section rails which are welded during manufacture, are produced by specialist rail companies so they can be used with a previously owned carriage, controls, and other components. This is, perhaps, like putting an old locomotive on new railway lines. It provides a lower cost solution than buying a totally new system.
Some insurance companies have offered breakdown policies for stair lifts. Manufacturers and installers have offered an extended warranty, rather like those available for domestic white goods and brown goods.
Goods stair lifts
Some manufacturers produce stair lifts with trays instead of seats for moving goods between different levels, usually in commercial or industrial buildings. Some businesses have purchased normal domestic stair lifts purely as goods transporters and put items such as boxes of stationery on the seat.
AC and DC power
Early stair lifts mostly had alternating current (AC) drive motors which ran at full mains voltage (around 115 volts in North America, 230 volts in Europe). An "energy chain" ran alongside or through the rail to carry the power cable from the supply point to the carriage.
More recently, domestic stair lifts have been powered from rechargeable batteries and use direct current (DC). One of the selling points is that a DC stair lift will continue to function during a power outage, provided the batteries are sufficiently charged. Most stair lifts have a 'charge point' where the unit will 'park' to charge its batteries. Some straight stair lifts have the ability to charge continuously no matter where they are left along the track.
With most DC models the batteries are accommodated within the carriage and travel with it.
Some models, however, were designed with three phase motors and the batteries (three in total) were housed in a cabinet mounted near the top or bottom of the rail. An inverter system was used to convert the DC energy to three phase AC.
The power rating of drive motors for domestic straight rail stair lifts may be around 250 watts.
The power requirement will be greater for heavy loads, very steep inclines, and wheelchair platform stair lifts.
Controls
Stair lifts are largely operated using a control on the arm of the lift. This is either a switch or a toggle type lever. This larger toggle switch enables users even with limited mobility or painful condition to use stair lifts easily and safely.
Electronic controls are used extensively. Many stair lifts have radio frequency or infrared remote controllers. It is known that radiation from devices such as fluorescent lights can interfere with infrared stair lift controls. Also, heat and incandescent lights can, in some circumstances, have an adverse effect.
Control circuit design varies greatly among the different manufacturers and models.
Curved rail stair lifts have more complex controls than those with straight rails.
The seat of a curved rail stair lift may have to be tilted so it remains horizontal whilst going around curves and negotiates different angles of incline. This requires an additional motor and link system.
Also, the carriage is slowed down on bends but travels faster on straight runs. This means a more complex control system. Modern controls have small microprocessors which "learn" the characteristics of the journeys and keep the data in memory. They also record the number of journey and direction. This assists service engineers on maintenance calls.
Some development of self-diagnostic controls began at the onset of the 21st Century. The idea was that stair lifts would predict when components were starting to deteriorate and automatically pass the information to the service provider so a visit could be arranged.
Safety
To satisfy safety codes stair lifts usually have cut-out switches connected to "safety edges" and other protective devices so the drive power is disconnected if something goes wrong. Modern lifts have a high degree of comfort, but safety is always paramount. "Safety edges" are a common feature to the power pack and footplate. "Safety edges" ensure that if there is any obstruction on the stairs the stair lift will automatically stop and only travel away from the obstruction.
Stair lifts are used by people of all ages and child car seats can usually be fixed a standard stair lift seat using the seat belt provided with the stair lift system.
Many stair lifts are also fitted with a key, to allow the user to prevent others from using the lift.
Codes of practice and technical specifications apply to stair lift manufacture.
In North America these codes may be relevant:
ASME A17.1 - 1990, Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators
ASME A18.1 - 2005 Safety Standard for Platform Lifts and Stairway Chairlifts
Produced by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
An important specification used by stair lift manufacturers in Europe was British Standard BS 5776: 1996 Specification For Powered Stair lifts, produced by The British Standards Institution. It has since been replaced by BS EN 81-22:2021: Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts.'''
Note: codes of practice and technical specifications are updated occasionally. These references may be out of date by the time they are read and are shown as examples.
Self-installation
Today, self-installation of stair lifts is becoming a common trend for people interested in DIY projects. Stair lifts are available for purchase that can be self-installed.
Professionals within the home medical equipment industry do not recommend that people attempt to install these products themselves. They believe that in terms of warranty, long-term care, and service, it is much more economical to have a trained professional install these products. In addition, these professionals are also aware of all safety measures and concerns associated with the proper installation of stair lifts, as well as the applicable local elevator codes.
Travel speed
Stair lifts normally have "soft" starts so the user is not jerked as the carriage starts to move.
Typical travel speed for domestic straight rail stair lift carriages range between and (0.34 miles per hour). The speed of curved rail stair lift carriages may vary on the journey if the controls cause them to slow on inclines and bends.
Costs
Stair lifts are highly individualized units that vary in price significantly. However, many base units begin between $3,000 and $5,000. Many options affect this base pricing including: length of railing needed, any curves involved, seat upgrades, motor upgrades, seat swivel, seat and foot pedal folding, and power type.
See also
Central–Mid-Levels escalator (Hong Kong)
Elevator
Escalator
Funicular
Home lift
Lift chair
Moving walkway
People mover
Shopping cart conveyor
Wheelchair lift
References
External links
Elevator World, Volume One, No 1 January 1953
Hansard'', UK Parliament House of Commons Daily Debates record. References to stair lifts: 16 Mar 1990 : Column 395; 7 May 2002 : Column 3WH; Westminster Hall, Sylvia Heal in the chair; 14 Jun 2004 : Column 744W
Original page, including the definition of stair lift, created for the Wikipedia in April 2006 by Philip W Baker, founder member of The Stair lift Institute, a charity which at the time was a registered member of the National Council for Voluntary Organisations.
Assistive technology
Chairs
Elevators
Stairways
Vertical transport devices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyk%20auf%20F%C3%B6hr
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Wyk auf Föhr
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Wyk auf Föhr () (Fering North Frisian: Wik, a Wik, or Bi a Wik; ) is the only town on Föhr, the second largest of the North Frisian Islands on the German coast of the North Sea. Like the entire island it belongs to the district of Nordfriesland. Wyk includes the two minor town districts of Boldixum and Südstrand.
Geography
Wyk is situated on the southeastern edge of the island. About 4,500 inhabitants live there, but during the tourist seasons 20,000 or more people will stay there. It serves as a regional centre for the islands of Föhr and Amrum, providing shopping centres, doctors, a post office, etc. and it is the seat of the Amt Föhr-Amrum and the social care centre for the islands. The approximately 4,200 other inhabitants of Föhr proper live in other villages on the island. Wyk's major source of income is the tourism business.
History and tourism
In 1704, Wyk was granted the rights of a seaport, two years later, the rights of a market town were awarded. In 1819 a seaside spa was established, being the first of its kind in Schleswig-Holstein.
Thereby the state began to level up with the Baltic Sea region (Heiligendamm, 1794 and the East Frisian North Sea area (Norderney, 1794). In the first year, 61 guests were recorded, in 1820 there were 102, but only from 1840 on the numbers exceeded 200. From 1842 to 1847 the Danish king Christian VIII chose Wyk as his summer resort, which attracted numerous new tourists. In 1844 Hans Christian Andersen followed his king to Wyk and is known to have said about Wyk's beach: "I bathed every day and I must say it was the most remarkable water I have ever been in". But Andersen also criticized the problems of journeying there. For example, from Hamburg, on the road, a traveller needed four days to reach Föhr, by ship via Heligoland, it took two days only but included the danger of sickness.
In 1910 Wyk was granted full town rights.
Wyk's promenade Sandwall does not only offer a view on the sea, but also a view on the Halligen, already beloved by king Christian. It is counted among Germany's most beautiful seaside promenades.
Not at least due to the high number of sanitoriums and recovery institutions, Wyk is a highly frequented spa throughout the year.
In 2002 Wyk belonged to the ten most important centers of tourism in Schleswig-Holstein: 46,368 guests, 325 (0.7%) of which from foreign abroad, booked 492,041 overnight stays. The town had 4,733 beds to offer.
Sights
Inside Wyk's town limits, in the Olhörn area, there is a minor lighthouse. Frisian customs and the history of Wyk are documented at the Dr. Carl Haeberlin Museum, whose entrance portal is made up of two whale jaw bones.
The church of St. Nicolas is a roman style building from the 13th century, situated in the Boldixum town district. It has got a colourful and amply decorated interior.
Traffic
Wyk is the only harbour of Föhr, providing a ferry port, a fisheries and freight port and a marina. From the ferry port, several sailings per day are scheduled to the mainland port of Dagebüll while other ferries depart in the opposite direction towards the island of Amrum. Most ferries to Dagebüll have a train connection from there to Hamburg via Niebüll. The ferries are operated by Wyker Dampfschiffsreederei Föhr-Amrum GmbH whose seat is in Wyk.
Other than scheduled ferrying, foray tours are offered to the Halligen of Langeneß and Hooge and in the summer season, passenger ferries sail to Hörnum on Sylt.
Wyk can moreover be reached by small planes via an airstrip, a daily flight schedule connects Föhr and Sylt during the summer season. Bus lines connect to the villages of the island.
Education
Wyk has a high school (Gymnasium), a Realschule with Hauptschule part, an elementary school including a special school and a Danish school. The town also hosts a branch of Nordfriesland's District School of Music.
Health care
A district hospital serves the population of Föhr and Amrum. Moreover, a number of sanitoriums are located in town, among them a clinic for oncology, an institution for mothers with children and several other private and public clinics. There is also an old people's home.
Politics
The local council has 17 members. Since the municipal elections of 2013, the distribution of seats in the town council is as follows:
Kommunale Gemeinschaft(Local community): 5
CDU: 5
SPD: 4
Green Party: 3
Arms
Blazon: Gules. On a base azure, wavy, a shipwrecked 17th-century full-rigged ship or, without sails and with broken tops. In chief a mullet of six rays or.
Motto: "Incertum quo fata ferunt". From Latin it translates roughly to "Uncertain (it) is where fate carries us".
Town twinning
Mittenwald, Germany
Media
Wyk is the seat of the editorial office of the daily paper Der Insel-Bote.
Notable people
Born in Wyk
Stine Andresen (1849–1927), poet
Friedrich Christiansen (1879–1972), Luftwaffe General, Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht in the Netherlands
Knud Broder Knudsen (1912–2000), politician
Hans von Storch (born 1949), climate researcher and meteorologist
Arfst Wagner (born 1954), Waldorf school teacher and editor
Olaf Jürgen Schmidt (born 1981), German author and theater director
Affiliated with Föhr
Sidonie Werner (1860–1932), politician. Founded a sanitorium for Jewish children endangered by tuberculosis (1927–1938) in Wyk.
Carl Haeberlin (1870–1954), founder of the Frisian museum in Wyk and researcher of Frisian history; pioneer of thalassotherapy
Hellmuth von Mücke (1881–1957), officer of the Imperial Navy, lived in Wyk 1929–1940
Hans-Jürgen von Maydell (born 1932), silviculture scientist, graduated from high school in Wyk in 1954
Heidrun Hesse (1951–2007), Professor of Philosophy, died in Wyk
Stanfour, a rock band
Honorary citizens
Ernst von Prittwitz und Gaffron (1833–1904), Prussian Lieutenant General and knight of the Order of St. John
References
External links
Homepage of Wyk auf Föhr
Towns in Schleswig-Holstein
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Föhr
Seaside resorts in Germany
Nordfriesland
Populated coastal places in Germany (North Sea)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoids%3A%20New%20Century
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Zoids: New Century
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Zoids: New Century, or , is an anime television series created in 2001 by Shogakukan, Inc. It is the second Zoids series created, based on the range of mecha models produced by TOMY. The series has been dubbed and originally released in Western nations under the title Zoids, before being later rebranded as Zoids: New Century by Viz Media, and was the first Zoids series to be dubbed in English. The series has 26 episodes that run for 25 minutes each. In August 2014, a Blu-ray box set of the series was released in Japan. It optionally came with a limited-edition Liger Zero.
Series background
New Century Zero takes place a long time after the events of Zoids: Chaotic Century. Zoids are no longer used for warfare; instead, the combative natures of both Zoids and humans are focused and contained by a series of battle-competitions and tournaments, run by the Zoid Battle Commission.
The Zoid Battle Commission is a significant power on Planet Zi, fielding a considerable arsenal of armed Zoids, orbital platforms serviced by their own launch facilities as well as orbital-based weapons systems. It is not made clear in the series if the Helic Republic and Guylos Empire still exist, although the final battle upon the rusted Ultrasaurus, hinted to be the same one in Zoids: Chaotic Century, could suggest neither were left, and people had free rein to battle in old battlefields.
The series focuses on the Blitz Team, in particular the actions of the Liger Zero and Bit Cloud. The series charts the rise of the Blitz Team through various competitions of the Zoid Battle Commission, and the team's efforts to avoid conflict with the criminal organization known as the Backdraft Group.
Characters
The Blitz Team
Bit Cloud
Voiced by: Takahiro Sakurai (Japanese), Richard Ian Cox (English), Peter von Gomm (English)
Formerly a junk dealer, Bit joins the Blitz Team after he is responsible for damaging one of the team's Zoids during a match. Bit discovers that he is the only person capable of piloting the rare Liger Zero owned by the team's manager. Bit makes both friends and rivals with a number of pilots, including Harry Champ, Jack Cisco, Leon Toros, and Vega Obscura. Bit has a close bond with the Liger Zero, treating the Zoid as a friend instead of just a machine. He is often seen in friendly conflict with Leena Toros, arguing over trivial matters like cookies, doughnuts, and the shower schedule.
It was initially thought to be useless, not allowing anyone to pilot it. After befriending Bit, it proved to be adept at close combat, using its superheated "Strike Laser Claw" attack to great effect in many battles. It was equipped with the CAS (usually Changing Armor System, also "Conversion" in parts of the dub) to allow switching to one of three incredible, mighty, and most powerful armors: Liger Zero Jager (German: hunter) unit and its ion boosters for speed and agility; Liger Zero Schneider (German: cutter) and its blades for close combat; and Liger Zero Panzer (German: armor/shield), with heavy armor, cannons, and missiles for beating multiple enemies at once. Over the course of the series, it is learned that the Liger Zero is one of a series of unique Ultimate X Zoids, equipped with an integrated Organoid system and possessing the ability to learn and adapt. This allows it to predict and react to enemy attacks far faster than regular Zoids.
Leena Toros
Leena Toros is the daughter of the Blitz Team's manager and is portrayed as a stereotypically loud and bubbly sixteen-year-old girl. She pilots two different Zoids over the course of the series, the De-bison and then the Gunsniper, and is regarded as notoriously trigger-happy in combat, bordering on psychotic. She's also known for her sensitivity and short temper, where she physically assaults others in a comical fashion (usually Bit). Leena is the target of Harry Champ's continual advances. She doesn't reciprocate his feelings and isn't above using them against him. For example, in episode 3, she used him just to get back at Bit for finishing off one of her targets in a previous match, or "stealing her prey", as she put it. In the original Japanese version, the character is named .
Brad Hunter
Brad Hunter is a pilot who began his career as a mercenary and was hired by the Blitz Team before the start of the series to boost their pilot number. He pilots a modified Command Wolf but is later forced to steal a prototype Shadow Fox from Dr. Laon and the Backdraft Group. After receiving the Shadow Fox, Brad engages in combat with Bit and the Liger Zero. After a brisk battle, it is stopped due to both pilots belonging to the Blitz Team, and the Shadow Fox officially becomes a member of the Blitz team thanks to Brad's deception—his plan all along. Brad possesses a notably high physical endurance, shown in one instance when Laon stuck him in a G-Force-esque simulator and he retained consciousness despite the deadly force exerted upon him. Because of his mercenary nature, Brad will rarely enter a fight without a promise of financial compensation, even if the other team members are in trouble. In the original Japanese version, the character is named Ballad. Brad's surname is never given in either the Japanese or English versions, but supporting materials give it as "Hunter".
Jamie Hemeros
Jamie Hemeros serves as Steve Toros' assistant, the Blitz Team's strategist, combat controller, and occasional backup pilot of the team's sole aerial Zoid. He is believed by the characters to be an orphan because of misinformation given by Dr. Toros, but in fact, his father still lives, and at fourteen years of age he is the youngest member of the team. He initially owns a Pteras, but this was traded in by Dr. Toros for a Raynos, the same kind of Zoid piloted by his father. Jamie is caring towards his fellow teammates, who often annoy him by ignoring his advice and battle plans. It is believed that his surname is derived from Hermes, the winged messenger god. His skills as a pilot are marginal; he crashes his Zoid in almost every engagement he participates in. In Atari's English-language ports of the Zoids video games, his name is given as Jimmy.
The Wild Eagle
The supersonic capabilities of the Raynos allow for the exposure of Jamie's alter-ego, the Wild Eagle. Wild Eagle is portrayed as the polar opposite of Jamie's personality, and can generally be considered a skilled pilot. However, his skill is often counterbalanced by his cocky hubris, which usually results in serious damage to the Raynos, and a period of unconsciousness for Jamie. The Wild Eagle alter-ego appears to be shared by members of the Hemeros family, as Jamie's father, Oscar, exhibited the same abilities and personality changes when flying certain Zoids. Unfortunately, this eventually led to a high-speed, uncontrolled landing of Oscar's Raynos. Oscar was both injured and seriously unnerved by the accident, as Dr. Toros said he "never flew a Raynos again". He was not, despite what the rest of the characters were led to believe, killed. In fact, he often drops by to check up on his son, though he unintentionally seems to make Jamie somewhat miserable (such as good-humouredly patting Jamie on the back when the latter was injured).
Steve Toros
Steve Toros is the Blitz Team's manager (but also serves as an inventor and occasionally a combat controller in Jamie's place), whose children are Leena and Leon Toros. He, Dr. Laon, and Oscar are old friends, but when Dr. Toros married the woman (Leena and Leon's mother) loved by Laon, Laon developed a grudge against Dr. Toros and refused to forgive him (his feelings do not extend to Leena, whom he says resembles her mother). Laon incinerated the place where the trio used to gather, completely ending the camaraderie between both of them (Oscar seems to be neutral in the situation). Dr. Toros is 38 years old, he seems to be impulsive (notoriously purchasing weaponry on the basis of being "big" and "shiny"), overdramatic and immature at times, but in all is a knowledgeable man. He built the CAS interchangeable armour system solely for the Liger Zero. He purchased the Liger Zero because white Ligers were rare, but the Zoid was deemed defective because of the scarcity of spare parts for maintenance, as well as its fickle, stubborn personality; it would eject pilots that were forced upon it or deemed unworthy. In many episodes, he is seen playing with model Zoids, of which he's very protective, and frantically panics in comedic fashion whenever he accidentally breaks off a part. He is so fond of them that he's been shown to keep a collection on his bed whenever he sleeps or relaxes.
Other characters
Oscar Hemeros
Voiced by Yukimasa Kishino (Japanese), Brian Drummond (English)
A good friend of Dr. Toros having grown up together with the joint ambition of entering the Zoid leagues, he had the misfortune of being the cause of the bitter feud between Dr. Toros and Dr. Laon. Oscar was supposed to write a love letter to a woman whom Dr. Toros and Dr. Laon were courting, but he didn't know that the note was supposed to be from Dr. Laon, not Steve Toros. Oscar was one of the greatest aerial Zoid pilots in his day, earning his moniker "Wild Eagle" for his sheer mastery of aerial stunts and maneuvers. However, one day, he lost control of his Raynos and crashed. The accident forced him into early retirement from the leagues, though he still pilots aerial Zoids in more casual settings. He sent his son, Jamie, to join Dr. Toros' Blitz Team, believing that between him and Toros, they could bring out some of that Wild Eagle blood in Jamie.
Dr. Laon
Voiced by Michael Dobson (English)
He was formerly friends with the Blitz Team's Steve Toros until an argument between the two involving being the future husband of a woman (Leena and Leon's mother) caused the irreparable rift. He is associated with the Backdraft Group, although he often tries to recruit pilots to challenge the Blitz Team and avenge him (Harry Champ, the Tigers Team, Brad Hunter). It is believed that his reason for joining the Backdraft Group was influenced by alcoholism. Although he hates Toros, he deeply cares for Leena (he claims she resembles her mother), as shown in the instance where he shoved all the other Zoids away with his Whale King to shield her from the massive explosion created by three charged particle cannons. The explosion bore a giant hole on his Whale King and severely injured him, thereafter he told Toros he will never stop seeking his vengeance. At the series finale, Oscar is seen visiting Laon in the hospital.
Harry Champ
Voiced by Wataru Takagi (Japanese), Brad Swaile (English)
He is "a man destined to be king," as he regularly states numerous times with each appearance. He is heir to half of the Champ's family fortunes, along with his elder sister, Mary Champ; but he couldn't care less about his fortune when it comes to his unrequited love for Leena Toros. He assumes that Leena returns his feelings, which is why in one instance Dr. Laon kidnapped him and used him as a hostage, assuming that Leena wouldn't fire on him but was proven wrong. At the end of the series, Harry planned on proposing to Leena but never got the chance. Harry also has two robots named Benjamin and Sebastian. Because of his wealth, he owns a menagerie of Zoids, claiming to have everything "from a Gojulas to Cannon Tortoises." His main Zoid is a customized Dark Horn, but he has also piloted an Iron Kong and a Cannon Tortoise. Many more Zoids are seen in his hangar, among them a Red Horn, a Shield Liger, and a Gordos.
Jack Sisco
Voiced by Keiji Fujiwara (Japanese), Brian Drummond (English)
A talented mercenary (having been stated to have never lost prior to his first battle with the Blitz Team) who pilots a cheetah-type Zoid, the Lightning Saix. His personality is depicted as arrogant and aloof. He was initially a free-lance mercenary, but was shown to be very picky with whom he worked for, and only worked for someone with enough money and "luck." Despite being a mercenary, he generally acts as an honorable if not gruff opponent. He later gained two teammates, Kelly and Chris Tasker who also pilot Lightning Saixes, and together, they were able to use a slipstream strategy to defeat the Blitz Team. Bit later defeated him during the Royal Cup.
Naomi Fluegel
Voiced by Rio Natsuki (Japanese), Saffron Henderson (English)
A female pilot under the alias of the "Red Comet" for being skilled in sniping and long-range combat. She pilots a red Gunsniper with a specialized sniping system that includes a gun within the Zoid's tail. At the beginning of the series, Naomi is a solo pilot, until Leon Toros joins her to form the Flugel Team. Prior to her defeat by the Blitz Team, it was claimed that nobody ever reached within of her Gun Sniper. It's implied she and Brad have a romantic interest in each other.
Leon Toros
Voiced by Susumu Chiba (Japanese), Ted Cole (English)
As Dr. Toro's elder son, he was formerly on the Blitz Team until Bit joined the group. Having been invigorated by Bit's latent potential as a Zoid pilot and confident that in his absence the team was in able hands with Bit, Leon left the group in hopes of becoming a better pilot. He later becomes Naomi Fluegel's partner. Leon pilots a Shield Liger at the beginning of the series and is later seen piloting a Red Blade Liger. The Zoids he pilots can serve as a parallel to Van Flyheight, Zoids: Chaotic Century's protagonist. He even mentions that he met his Blade Liger while travelling through a legendary valley where the greatest zoid pilots in history had travelled.
Chris and Kelly Tasker
Voiced by Kelly Sheridan (English)
Twin sisters who join Jack Sisco to form the Lightning Team. Both women pilot Lightning Saixes. The two can be distinguished by their outfits; Kelly wears green while Chris wears blue.
Kirkland, Omari, and Lineback
Known as the Tigers Team, and mockingly the Fuzzy Pandas Team, these three pilots have a reputation for being losers. Though they start out as capable opponents, they become "comic relief" characters as the series progresses, further supported by Bit's running gag of nicknaming them "The Fuzzy Pandas". In hopes of breaking their unlucky streak (a rather successful move), they rename themselves the Zabre Fangs. They lose in the final battle with the Blitz Team in comedic fashion, where the Judge also referred to them as the Fuzzy Pandas Team, causing their combat systems to freeze and thus allowing the Blitz Team to win by default. They are a reference to the Hanshin Tigers baseball team.
Mary Champ
Voiced by Lisa Ann Beley (English)
She is Harry's older sister who wants her brother to abandon his obsession with Zoid battles and return home to help their father with their company. After Harry once lost all his Zoids to the Backdraft Group, Mary personally arrived at his estate to demand that he return home, threatening to cut him out of the family fortune if he refused. But when Harry explained his problems to the Blitz Team, particularly Bit, she agreed to meet with them. Upon meeting the Blitz Team, she quickly disapproved of Leena as Harry's love interest but falls in love with Bit's Liger Zero (it was cute). She then challenged the Blitz Team to a battle with the Liger Zero at stake, offering ten times the normal prize money as an incentive. To assist the Champ Team, Mary purchased Iron Kongs. When the Champ Team lost the battle, Mary changed her opinion regarding Zoid battles and decided to leave Harry be.
Judge Robots
Voiced by Colin Murdock (English)
These robots serve as the umpires in every sanctioned Zoid battle in the series' world. Aside from having artificial intelligence, Judge robots were developed to be more anthropomorphic as the series progressed. Each Judge is dropped onto the battlefield from an orbital Judge Satellite, which also acts as a means of self-defence through orbital strikes. In episode 18, Benjamin falls in love with a Judge (censored in the English dub as a female Judge); in episode 20, the Judge wrestles a Dark Judge while declaring that Brad registered the Shadow Fox as a Blitz Team member; and the final three episodes where the Judge mistakenly calls the Zaber Fangs Team by their Fuzzy Pandas nickname, causing them to lose their balance and crashing their Zoids. The Judge sheepishly declares the Blitz Team victorious by default when he was shouted at by Kirkland.
Backdraft Organization
Also known as The Backdraft Group, The Backdraft Organization is a group that acts to undermine the Zoid Battle Commission by running unsanctioned battles. Their main goal is capturing Ultimate X Zoids. There are ranks distributed throughout the group; the backdraft is controlled by a "Committee of Seven" and is notorious for its ruthless, underhanded, and often dangerous battle tactics. Known members of the Backdraft include:
Vega Obscura
Voiced by Motoko Kumai (Japanese), Alex Doduk (English)
An eleven-year-old pilot under the command of the Backdraft Organization (Sarah in particular) who pilots the Berserk Fury (the original uncensored name being Berserk Führer). Because he is basically a child prodigy, his perspective of Zoid battling is mere of a competitive nature: where the next challenge is and the exhilarating high from battling. He and Bit eventually meet in the final rounds of the Royal Cup. He eventually reveals he is as cheerful as Bit and loves the rush of battle.
Sarah (overseer)
Voiced by Ellen Kennedy (English)
A high-ranking member, and also Vega's handler. Though usually cold and severe, she exhibits a maternal side towards Vega; he is the only thing she really cares about. Even after being shot down by the Zoid Battle Commission, she was only worried about whether Vega was all right.
Fuma Team
A four-member team, usually employed by Altail. Their team leader is a woman named Fuma and the remaining three pilots are Ehga, Koga, and Negola. They initially pilot War Sharks but are given Genosaurers by Altail to sabotage the Berserk Fury and demote Sarah, which ultimately failed. Fuma is also seen piloting a Hammerhead.
Pierce
Voiced by Alaina Burnett (English)
She is skilled in aerial combat, defeated only by Jamie (piloting the Raynos in his Wild Eagle persona) and Bit on two separate occasions, and under the direct command of Altail. She leaves the group after her defeat at the hands of Bit, deciding that Backdraft battles are getting old. She has shown to be quite honorable, debating Altail's orders to attack the innocent. She is last seen with Stoller and Sanders. She piloted a Zabat and later a customized Stormsworder.
Major Polta
Voiced by Scott McNeil (English)
Leader of the Gold Team and a subordinate of Altail, often seen wearing an odd-looking mask.
Captain Sanders (adjutant of Elephander Pilot)
Voiced by Matt Smith (English)
Stoeller's subordinate, a skilled pilot who looks up to Stoeller and defects from Backdraft along with Stoeller. Last seen celebrating the end of the Zoids tournament with Stoeller and Pierce.
Captain Stigma Stoeller
Voiced by Scott McNeil (English)
A senior member of the Backdraft, pilot of the Elephander, and highly respected, until he is defeated by Bit Cloud. A man bound by honour, he defects from the Backdraft Group in order to fight a fair battle against Bit. He is last seen with Sanders and Pierce.
Altail (Chief Executive Officer)
Voiced by Don Brown
The Chief Executive Officer of the Backdraft Group. He believes that Zoids known as Ultimate Xs exist and places his reputation on the line to find them. After recovering the Berserk Fury, he is brushed aside. Henceforth, he attempts to sabotage Sarah to jockey for favor again.
Count
Voiced by Colin Murdock
Boss of Chief Executive Officer
Brad Hunter
After stealing the Shadow Fox, he "joined" the Backdraft Group briefly in episode 20 upon Dr. Laon's proposal. He later reneged his deal, saying that he only pretended to betray his team for the Shadow Fox (and a chance to battle Bit one-on-one).
Dark Judge
Voiced by Samuel Vincent
The Backdraft Group employs their own Judges with their own satellites, colored black as opposed to the Zoid Battle Commission's white. They are greatly biased in favor of the Backdraft Group and will only announce an enemy team's victory begrudgingly.
Episodes
Theme songs
Opening
"No Future" by Nanase Aikawa
Ending
"Sasuraibito" by DASEIN
"No Future (Instrumental)" by Nanase Aikawa (U.S. Ending)
References
External links
Japanese website (archived)
New Century Zero
2001 anime television series debuts
Japanese children's animated action television series
Japanese children's animated adventure television series
Japanese children's animated comic science fiction television series
Japanese children's animated science fiction television series
Adventure anime and manga
Mecha anime and manga
Viz Media anime
Mainichi Broadcasting System original programming
TBS Television (Japan) original programming
Television shows based on Takara Tomy toys
Xebec (studio)
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4781184
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20E.%20Waldschmidt
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Paul E. Waldschmidt
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Paul Edward Waldschmidt CSC (January 7, 1920 – October 20, 1994) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church who served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon from 1978 to 1990.
Biography
Born in Evansville, Indiana (U.S.), he graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1942. Waldschmidt was ordained to the priesthood on June 24, 1944, for the Congregation of Holy Cross. From 1962 to 1978, Waldschmidt served as president of the University of Portland. In 1969, Waldschmidt was elected as a member of the board of trustees and as a member of the Fellows of the University of Notre Dame.
On November 28, 1977, he was appointed titular bishop of Citium and auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon. He was consecrated on March 2, 1978. Waldschmidt resigned on January 8, 1990.
In 1992, Waldschmidt Hall, the main administration building of the University of Portland, was named for the former president of the university.
He died on October 20, 1994.
References
1920 births
1994 deaths
People from Evansville, Indiana
University of Notre Dame alumni
20th-century American Roman Catholic titular bishops
University of Portland people
Congregation of Holy Cross bishops
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon
Catholics from Indiana
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4781193
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%C3%ADs
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Anaís
|
Anaís Martínez (born June 22, 1984) is a Latin Grammy Award-nominated Dominican singer from Santo Domingo. She rose to fame after winning the Puerto-Rican singing competition show Objetivo Fama in 2005.
Early life
Anaís was born in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. She came to the United States at an early age and was raised in The Bronx, New York City since she was eight years old. Her passion of music began through her work with the Los Cumbiancheros school choir, performing regionally in a variety of styles, including Latin, reggaeton, salsa, tropical music and ballads in both Spanish and English.
In 2002, she appeared on an episode of The Jerry Springer Show titled "Bring On The Bisexuals".
Career
Breakthrough, Asi Soy Yo (2005–06)
In 2005, Anaís won the second season of Objetivo Fama, a Puerto Rican reality competition show, which aired on Univision Puerto Rico in Puerto Rico and on the Telefutura network in the mainland. She released her debut album Así Soy Yo (translated as "This Is The Way I Am") on April 18, 2006, where it peaked as number 79 on the Billboard Hot 100. The album was preceded by the singles "Atrapada", "Lo Que Son Las Cosas", "Estoy Con Él Y Pienso En Ti", and "Estar Contigo". "Lo Que Son Las Cosas", which was originally made famous by Ednita Nazario, charted and peaked at number 79 on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the Hot Latin Tracks chart for 6 weeks straight, earning her four Billboard Award nominations. "Estoy Con Él y Pienso En Tí" also charted in the top 10 of the Hot Latin Tracks chart and in the top 5 of the Latin Tropical charts. The album garnered several award nominations, including the 2006 Latin Grammys's "Best Pop Vocal Album" and Lo Nuestro's "Best New Artist". The album is the highest selling album from any "Objetivo Fama" contestant and Anaís is widely considered to be the most successful winner of the show.
On September 16, 2006, she began her Así Soy Yo Tour in Puerto Rico. During this time, Anaís released "Arriba, Arriba" for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, alongside Ana Bárbara, Pablo Montero and Mariana Seoane.
Con Todo Mi Corazón (2007–09)
On January 15, 2007, Anaís released "Tu Amor No Es Garantía", her first single from her second studio album Con Todo Mi Corazón, which was released on April 3 in the United States and on April 18 in Mexico. The album placed at number 20 on Billboards Latin Pop charts. Its second single, "Sólo Mio", went Top 30 and peaked at No. 29 on the Latin Charts, making it Anaís's fourth Top 30 hit on the Latin Charts along with "Lo Que Son Las Cosas", "Estoy Con Él Y Pienso En Ti", and "Arriba, Arriba". During this time, Anaís performed the song "Como Tu Mujer" in a televised tribute to Mexican singer Marco Antonio Solís. Solís was so impressed by the performance that he invited Anaís as a special guest and opening act for his concert in Madison Square Garden. Anaís released the song on a special deluxe edition of the album on October 16, 2007. In 2007, she won a Casandra Award for "Most Outstanding Artist Located in Another Country".
In August 2008, Anaís posed for the cover of Smooth magazine. On May 17, 2009, she appeared on the series finale of Objetivo Fama, singing her hit "Estoy Con Él Y Pienso En Ti" and announcing that she was filming a film in the Dominican Republic and had started working on her third album. The album was planned to be completely in English and mark her debut as an international artist. In 2009, Anaís made her film debut as "NYC Thug's Wife" in the crime film La Soga.
Independent releases (2010–16)
Anaís parted ways with Univision, instead becoming an independent artist while attempting kickstart her music career in the United States. She released several independent pop singles during this period, including "Own It" on May 23, 2012, "Naked" on October 4, 2016, "Hostage" on March 24, 2017 and "Too Young" on August 11, 2017.
Television appearances (2017–present)
In 2017, Anaís joined the cast of Love & Hip Hop: New York in its eighth season. She returns in a supporting role in season nine, but disappears from the show after a few episodes. It is eventually revealed that she has been struggling with mental illness, and been in and out of mental health facilities for the past few months.
Personal life
Anaís is openly bisexual. She resides in Clifton, New Jersey with her Mother and husband Confesor Ruben Brito, a businessman who works at a luxury car dealership, younger brother Damian Martínez a host of AmericanxLatino show and their two sons, Diamond and King Brito. She holds both Dominican and American citizenships.
Discography
Albums
Así Soy Yo (2006)
Con Todo Mi Corazón (2007)
Singles
References
External links
Anais Website ANAIS WORLD
Anais on Univision
1984 births
Living people
Dominican Republic women singers
Musicians from Santo Domingo
Reggaeton musicians
Women in Latin music
21st-century Dominican Republic women singers
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4781208
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bredstedt
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Bredstedt
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Bredstedt (; ; North Frisian: Bräist, ) is a town in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated near the North Sea coast, approximately 20 km northwest of Husum.
Notable people
Christian Albrecht Jensen (1792–1870), portrait painter who depicted most of the leading figures of the Danish Golden Age
Hans Carl Knudtzon (1751–1823) emigrated to Norway and became a merchant, ship-owner and politician.
References
Nordfriesland
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4781213
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation%20of%20trusts%20%28United%20Kingdom%29
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Taxation of trusts (United Kingdom)
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The taxation of trusts in the United Kingdom is governed by a different set of principles to those tax laws which apply to individuals or companies.
Inheritance tax
The inheritance tax ("IHT") treatment of trusts was substantially revised by the Finance Act 2006, with effect from 22 March 2006. The possible types of trust which can now exist for inheritance tax purposes are set out in the table below:
Notes:
An "interest-in-possession" means that a specific beneficiary has a right to the current income of the trust.
The spouse exemption exempts from tax any assets passing between spouses and civil partners.
Relevant property trusts are taxed:
On creation:
If the trust is created inter vivos (i.e. during the settlor's lifetime):
It is taxed at half of the current death rate for IHT. The death rate is 40%, and the 2012/13 IHT "nil-band" is £325,000. Therefore, if the settlor has made no gifts and settled no trusts in the seven years prior to settling a trust in 2012/13, it would be taxed at nil rate (0%) on the first £325,000 and 20% on the balance.
If the settlor dies within seven years of the settlement, the initial 20% charge will be recalculated as if it were a PET, and if that is more than the tax already paid, the balance will be due (but there is no repayment if the recalculation produces a lower result).
If the trust is created on death (i.e. a testamentary trust) it will usually suffer IHT at creation under the normal rules, because of the death. There is therefore no need for the trust to be taxed separately on creation.
To "ten-year charges", on each tenth anniversary of the settlement (or of the date of death, in the case of a testamentary trust). The rate is 6% on the value of the trust's assets exceeding the nil-band at that time.
To "exit charges" when money leaves the trust: most usually by appointment to a beneficiary. Simplifying a little, the rate of IHT is that proportion of what the next ten-year charge would have been, that the time which has elapsed since creation or the last ten-year charge bears to ten years.
The interest-in-possession treatment, since 2006, applies only to some trusts with an interest-in-possession (as defined above). Where it applies, such trusts are taxed by attributing the trust's value to the beneficiary who is currently entitled to the income. Accordingly:
On creation:
In the rare cases where they can be created in lifetime they are taxed as PETs.
They are taxed as part of the death estate, when created by will. A spouse exemption is available where the interest-in-possession beneficiary is a spouse or civil partner of the deceased.
On termination (i.e. termination of the interest-in-possession, which may, or may not, be the termination of the trust):
The value of the trust's assets is taxed at death rates upon the death of the interest-in-possession beneficiary. It aggregates with that beneficiary's estate, and the trust and the estate share the nil-band between them, in proportion to their values.
The value of the trust's assets is taxed as if it were a "PET" where the beneficiary's right to receive income ceases in his or her lifetime.
Case law
Inland Revenue Commissioners v Willoughby [1997] 1 WLR 1071
Inland Revenue Commissioners v Duke of Westminster [1936] AC 1, 19
Furniss v Dawson [1984] 1 AC 474, 526
MacNiven v Westmorelands Investments Ltd [2001] UKHL 6, [2003] 1 AC 311, 327, Lord Hoffmann
Williams v Singer [1921] 1 AC 65, on income tax
See also
English trust law
UK pension law
Capital gains tax
Inheritance Tax Act 1984
Inheritance Tax (United Kingdom)
Offshore trust
Real estate investment trust
Notes
Law of the United Kingdom
Taxation in the United Kingdom
Wills and trusts in the United Kingdom
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4781223
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20McEnery
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Peter McEnery
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Peter Robert McEnery (born 21 February 1940) is a retired English stage and film actor.
Early life
McEnery was born in Walsall, Staffordshire, to Charles and Ada Mary (née Brinson) McEnery. He was educated at Ellesmere College, Shropshire.
His younger brothers are actor John and the photographer David.
Career
McEnery appeared in Victim, a 1961 British neo-noir suspense film directed by Basil Dearden in which McEnery plays Barrett, a young working-class gay man who falls prey to blackmailers after he and the titular character are photographed in an intimate embrace. McEnery also starred alongside Hayley Mills in the 1964 film The Moon-Spinners. In 1966 he took the lead in the Disney adventure film, The Fighting Prince of Donegal. He played Edwin Clayhanger in the television dramatisation of the novels by Arnold Bennett with support from Janet Suzman, Harry Andrews and Clive Swift. He played Mr Sloane in Entertaining Mr Sloane (1970).
As an actor for the Royal Shakespeare Company he played the title role in Ron Daniel's 1979 production of Pericles, Prince of Tyre at The Other Place and played several roles in the 1982 epic production of Nicholas Nickleby for the same company. In 1981 he played Oberon in the BBC Television Shakespeare production of A Midsummer Night's Dream. Another stage role was that of the surgeon Treves in the National Theatre's 1980 production of The Elephant Man.
Personal life
McEnery married Julie Peasgood in 1978. They met in 1975 when she played a maid called Ada in the Clayhanger television series in which McEnery starred. They later divorced. Their daughter Kate was born in 1981.
Filmography
Beat Girl (1960) – Tony
Tunes of Glory (1960) – 2nd Lieutenant David MacKinnon
Victim (1961) – Jack 'Boy' Barrett
The Moon-Spinners (1964) – Mark Camford
The Game Is Over (1966) – Maxime Saccard
The Fighting Prince of Donegal (1966) – "Red" Hugh O'Donnell
I Killed Rasputin (1967) – Felix Yusupov
The Other People (1968) – Peter
Negatives (1968) – Theo
Better a Widow (1968) – Tom Proby
The Adventures of Gerard (1970) – Col. Etienne Gerard (Hussars of Conflans)
Entertaining Mr Sloane (1970) – Mr Sloane
Atlantic Wall (1970) – Jeff
Tales That Witness Madness (1973) – Timothy (segment "Penny Farthing")
Footprints on the Moon (1975) – Henry
The Cat and the Canary (1978) – Charlie Wilder
Lucky Punch (1996) – Flaherty
Television
The Clayhanger Family (1976) – Edwin Clayhanger
The Aphrodite Inheritance (1979, TV Mini-Series, BBC) – David Collier
The Hammer House of Horror (1980, Episode: "The Mark of Satan") – Edwyn
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1981, TV Movie, Oberon, BBC) – Oberon
The Mistress (1985, BBC) – Luke #2 (1987)
The Collectors (1986, BBC) – Harry Caines
Inspector Morse (1988, ITV) – Donald Phillipson
References
External links
1940 births
Living people
People from Walsall
Male actors from Staffordshire
English male film actors
English male television actors
Royal Shakespeare Company members
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4781224
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieb%C3%BCll
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Niebüll
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Niebüll (; ; ) is a town in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated near the North Sea coast and the border with Denmark, approx. 35 km northwest of Husum.
International relations
Niebüll is twinned with:
Płoty, Poland
Malmesbury, England
Notable people
Momme Andresen (1857–1951), born in Risum, educated in Niebüll, industrial chemist who made practical developments in photography including the invention of Rodinal
Carl Ludwig Jessen (1833–1917), painter of North Frisian daily life.
Carsta Löck (1902–1993), actress
Max Hansen (1908–1990), Waffen SS Standartenführer
Bernd Raffelhüschen (born 1957), economist
References
Towns in Schleswig-Holstein
Nordfriesland
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4781229
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerland%2C%20Germany
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Westerland, Germany
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Westerland (; ; Söl'ring North Frisian: Weesterlön’) is a seaside resort and a former municipality located on the German North Sea island of Sylt. Since 1 January 2009, Westerland has been part of the municipality Gemeinde Sylt. Westerland is part of the Nordfriesland district in Schleswig-Holstein. It is the largest resort on the island, the local transportation hub and the centre of Sylt's tourist industry.
History
Westerland is partly one of the younger settlements on the island of Sylt. After the All Saints' Day Flood of 1436 had destroyed the biggest part of the community of Eidum (except for the area that is today called Enden and the Church), the survivors built a new community to the northeast on a heath. The new settlement was called Hedigen (heath area).
In the 16th. century most of the people on Sylt were involved in the hunting of Herring near Heligoland, Westerland was no exception.
The Old Church of Eidum St. Niels was demolished in 1634, mainly due to a particularly bad stench, and rebuild in the heath area, far away from the sea, in 1636.
Westerlant (probably an old field name used by the people of Tinnum) had its first documentary mention in 1462. In 1636 there were 43 and in 1695 76 taxable houses.
The village grew rapidly during the 17th and 18th centuries because people experienced a great increase in wealth thanks to whaling. Previously, people had only lived from the sea and what little their fields could provide (they were often destroyed by the wandering dunes or flooding).
In 1855, the local Landvogt decided to turn Westerland into a seaside resort. After 1857, the minor village centred on a church began to grow into a larger resort. That year the first hotel opened - the Dünenhalle. Many others followed, although a number of them have since been torn down to make room for different structures. In 1880, the first solid building was erected on the dunes right at the beach. Electricity was available from 1893. In 1897, a telephone cable to the mainland was laid. In 1888, the Kurhalle was inaugurated, followed in 1903 by the art nouveau hotel Miramar, which still stands on the promenade today.
In the 1890s, Westerland replaced Keitum as the preeminent town on Sylt, not just for tourists but also regarding infrastructure and facilities used by the locals. This was illustrated by the move, in 1892, of the island's only pharmacy from Keitum to Westerland.
In 1908, a building for spa applications was built (Kurmittelhaus). The original airfield (now Sylt Airport) was constructed in 1912. Due to the military fortification of the island under the Nazis, the town's population increased from 4,000 in 1934 to 7,700 by 1940.
In 1948 came official recognition as a seaside spa town (Nordseeheilbad). The concrete highrises that today dominate the Westerland skyline (and are visible from many places on Sylt) were built in 1966-68 (Kurzentrum, Metropol). Another, even more gargantuan, development project named was stopped in 1971 after protests by locals.
Geography
Westerland is located on the western shore of the island of Sylt on the North Sea. It lies 70 km northwest of Husum, 74 km west of Flensburg, 134 km northwest of Kiel and 186 km northwest of Hamburg.
Westerland used to be Germany's northernmost town. Only the smaller communities of List, Wenningstedt and Kampen – none being incorporated towns – lie farther north in Germany. However, with the merger to Gemeinde Sylt in 2009 Westerland gave up its status as Stadt (see Government).
Economy
Westerland's economy is strongly oriented towards the island's tourism industry. Recently it had 2.5 million overnight stays annually in around 25,000 beds. There are roughly 1,300 tradespersons in town, accounting for an annual tax income of around €500 per inhabitant.
In the town's south end near Rantum is a campground. Westerland is the central hub for supply, retailing, and numerous services that provide for the inhabitants and visitors on the island of Sylt.
Thanks to its affluent, glamorous lifestyle and thriving tourism industry, Westerland, has been called the "Beverly Hills" of Germany.
Attractions
The major attraction at Westerland is the beach and the 6-kilometre-long promenade with its Musikmuschel music pavilion. During the season, 4,000 Strandkörbe are placed on the beach.
Westerland today has 30 listed historic buildings and another 150 that are considered of special historic or architectural value. These include the Kurhaus from 1897, now housing the municipal administration and a casino.
Westerland features numerous sculptures, e.g. in the pedestrian zone such as Wilhelmine (Wilhelmsstrasse) or Sturmbläser and Europa on the promenade. Near the train station Reisende Riesen im Wind (by ) was created in 2001. The , which used to stand in front of the old town hall, was in storage from 1964 to 1993, but since then has stood in the centre of a roundabout.
Westerland has three churches:
St. Niels, Protestant church, built in 1635-37.
, Protestant church, consecrated in 1908.
, Roman Catholic church, built in 1997-99 to replace the previous structure dating from 1957. Prior to that, the Herz-Jesu-Kapelle (built in 1896) had stood in that location. Nearby is the , a small cemetery for victims of shipwrecks washed ashore between 1855 and 1905.
Sylter Welle was opened in 1993 as a spa and wellness centre, with indoor pool and sauna. is a small aquarium in the south of Westerland.
Government
On 1 January 2009, Westerland became part of the new municipality Gemeinde Sylt created by the merger of the town with the former municipalities Rantum and Sylt-Ost. The debate on this move had started in 2003 when a similar merger happened on Fehmarn. However, local rivalries and desire for independence prevented progress for a time. It took the foundation of a citizens' movement Bürger für Sylt als Einheit to advance the plan. In separate referendums in 2008, Westerland (by a large majority) and Sylt-Ost (narrowly) agreed to the merger in May 2008. Rantum followed, but List, Kampen, Wenningstedt-Braderup and Hörnum remained aloof. In September 2008 the merger contract was signed.
Although Westerland used to have the status of Stadt (city, awarded in 1905), the new municipality so far refrained from applying for this status. One reason is that the Ortsteile do not want to advertise their tourism services as simple suburbs (Stadtteile). As a result of this change, the coat of arms of Westerland was cancelled.
Westerland is now an Ortsteil of Gemeinde Sylt. Since 1 May 2015, the mayor of Gemeinde Sylt has been Nikolas Häckel.
Gemeinde Sylt shares its administration in a with the Amt Landschaft Sylt, located in the townhall of Westerland - the former Kurhaus, built in 1897.
Infrastructure
Transport
Sylt, and thereby also Westerland, cannot be reached by road from the mainland. Instead, there is a shuttle train that carries cars, the Sylt-Shuttle, that runs between Niebüll and Westerland. The railway line, called the Marsh Railway (Marschbahn), runs across the 11.3 km-long Hindenburgdamm, a causeway across the Wadden Sea joining Sylt to the mainland. Passenger trains, both local and long-distance, also serve Westerland, reaching it across the causeway. Westerland can also be reached by air through Sylt Airport, and by car ferry from the nearby Danish island of Rømø.
Other
T-Systems operates the , a 90-metre radio mast located in the middle of the town.
Notable people
Uwe Dallmeier (born 27 August 1923 in Dithmarschen; died 19 November 1985), actor, died here at his residence.
Heinz Reinefarth, a former SS Brigadeführer, who became mayor of Westerland in December 1951. Reinefarth was one of the officers who quelled the Warsaw Uprising in 1944 on the orders of Heinrich Himmler. Although Reinefarth's unit was responsible for the killing of thousands of civilians and the Polish authorities asked for his extradition, he was never charged with these atrocities. He died at Westerland in 1979.
Trivia
A song by the German punk band Die Ärzte is named after Westerland.
References
External links
Official website of the municipality Gemeinde Sylt
Information for tourists
Villages in Schleswig-Holstein
Seaside resorts in Germany
Former municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein
Sylt
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4781231
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Wahl
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Ken Wahl
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Ken Wahl (born February 14, 1957) is an American retired actor. Rising to prominence in the 1980s and 1990s, he starred in the CBS television crime drama Wiseguy.
Early life and career
Wahl, who was born in Chicago, Illinois, is elusive about his personal life, and has given more than one birthdate. A Newspaper Enterprise Association syndicated article in 1988, citing records checked by the CBS publicist for Wahl's television series Wiseguy, gives February 14, 1957, a date that corresponds with the year of his high school graduation: "A call to Bremen High School in the Chicago suburb of Midlothian reveals Wahl graduated from there in June 1975, presumably at age 18." In 2004, Entertainment Weekly noted the confusion surrounding Wahl's date of birth and added that "Ken Wahl is not actually Ken Wahl. At least he wasn't when he was born. While he declines to disclose his birth name, he does say that the moniker he's gone by for the past 25 years is the name of the person who saved his father's life in the Korean War".
According to Wahl, he was born "in a tiny apartment on the south side of Chicago, in the late Fifties". The 1988 NEA article states that Wahl was the ninth of 11 children from a blue-collar German/Italian family and "attended different high schools as the family moved to the [Chicago] suburbs of Midlothian and Worth." According to Entertainment Weekly, Wahl played baseball, as a shortstop, in unspecified venues that might have included youth leagues and high school teams, before crashing a motorcycle and hurting his knee at age 16. After moving to Los Angeles, he worked as an extra on movies including The Buddy Holly Story (1978).
By 1981, Wahl's father had remarried. Between acting jobs, Wahl stayed in Chicago with his father and stepmother or with his sister.
Acting career
Wahl first gained recognition in 1979 when he was cast in the leading role of director Philip Kaufman's film The Wanderers (1979). He was subsequently cast opposite Paul Newman in Fort Apache, The Bronx (1981), and went on to play the lead in movies including Race for the Yankee Zephyr (1981), The Soldier (1982), Jinxed! (1982), Purple Hearts (1984) and other films. In 1984, he then suffered another motorcycle crash, while on his way to meet with Diane Keaton about the role that eventually went to Mel Gibson in the film Mrs. Soffel. Not wearing a helmet, Wahl was injured badly enough to require 89 stitches in his scalp.
After appearing in the ensemble of the TV-movie The Dirty Dozen: Next Mission (1985) and co-starring with Billy Dee Williams in the six-episode TV series Double Dare, Wahl was cast in the lead role of Vinnie Terranova in the television series Wiseguy in 1987. Wahl said the following year, "The feature market dried up for me. When 'Wiseguy' came along I was hesitant to do it, but I thought the quality was good. I had to
make a living, so I decided to do it. I didn't have to audition or anything." The show ran until 1990 and brought Wahl a Golden Globe Award, as well as an Emmy Award nomination. Wahl wrote an episode of Wiseguy in 1989 and directed an episode in 1990.
During the second season, he injured himself again, on an episode directed by Jan Eliasberg. As Wahl recalled in 2004, "She had me walking into my own POV shot, and ... I was stepping up, and the [camera] wheel caught my right heel and it just ripped out the Achilles tendon. ... But she wanted to do it again, so I said, 'Okay, you're the boss. Series creator Steven J. Cannell said the camera ran over Wahl a second time, leaving him in such pain Cannell replaced him for three episodes while Wahl healed.
Wahl went on to star in The Taking of Beverly Hills (1991) and The Favor (1994), as well as a Wiseguy reunion TV-movie in 1996.
Wahl retired from acting in 1996.
Injury
Wahl's acting career was derailed by a broken neck. He initially said that in 1992 he had endured another motorcycle crash, but later said he had fallen down a flight of stairs at the home of comedian Rodney Dangerfield's girlfriend and eventual wife, Joan Child. "We were dating casually ... I stayed over at her house one night, fell down these stairs, and she begged me not to say that in the press", Wahl said in 2004.
As his official biography describes the incident:
Blaming a "botched" undisclosed surgery and the refusal of doctors to prescribe pain medication, Wahl said in an interview that he told himself, "Okay, I can't get a prescription, so I'll get a bottle of vodka. I was in such chronic, agonizing pain 24 hours a day that I started drinking to kill the pain." After gaining weight through lack of exercise, and with a growing alcohol problem, he worked 16 days on the Wiseguy reunion movie "and barely got through it. That's when I knew I couldn't do it anymore."
Personal life
Wahl married his first wife, former Penthouse Pet of the Year Corinne Alphen, in 1983. With Alphen, he had a son, Raymond, and a step-son, Louis, from Alphen's previous marriage. They divorced in 1991.
Traci Lords revealed in her autobiography, Traci Lords: Underneath It All, that she had a brief affair with Wahl in 1988 after she had a guest appearance on his TV series. Lords said of Wahl that he “was tall, dark, and brooding with a mischievous smile. He took me to dinner that night at a down-home Italian joint near my hotel. It had a low-key vibe and sensational food. He was a star with simple tastes, which impressed me. He was kind to people and bantered easily with the staff as he leaned back in his chair… He was one sexy man.” She further added that he “was the first civilian I’d made love to post-porn” and that he made her think differently about relationships.
In 1995, Wahl was charged with disturbing the peace and arrested on an outstanding warrant for a drunken-driving charge, eventually pleaded no contest to both charges and receiving probation. A year later, he was arrested for allegedly threatening a bartender with a hunting knife for refusing to serve him alcohol. He pleaded no contest again and was ordered to enter a live-in alcohol rehabilitation program.
Wahl married his second wife, glamour model Shane Barbi, in 1997. Wahl says he and Barbi married after attending twelve-step meetings together.
In 2009, Wahl sued his former business manager, Henry Levine, alleging that Levine conspired with Wahl's first wife, Corinne Alphen, to defraud him.
Animal and disabled veterans activism
With his career tanked because of injury, Wahl and his wife Barbi, turned their attention to supporing animal rights and disabled United States military veterans.
On 19 January 2010, he offered his Golden Globe Award as part of a reward then being assembled by the Second Chance Rescue Center in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, to help find and convict the person who glued a 7-month-old orange tabby to Minnesota State Highway 60, where travelers found it on 18 December 2009; the cat, which rescuers called Timothy, died days later.
In 2012, Wahl stood against the Hayden Law Repeal, which would have revoked the Hayden Law for shelter pets in California, which had extended the number of days owners had to find their lost pets or for injured animals to receive donations or to be adopted.
For Memorial Day 2012, Wahl sent a message saluting the military, alongside the group Pets for Patriots, supporting adoption of pets for veterans. Later that year, he took part in the documentary Saving America's Horses, about both wild and domestic horses and the issues that plague them. In December 2012, he reiterated the need to support wounded veterans, and help reduce suicide rates, by pairing rescued animals with veterans.
Awards
1989: Nomination, Emmy Award, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, as Vinnie Terranova in Wiseguy
1989: Nomination, Golden Globe Award, Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series - Drama, for Wiseguy
1990: Golden Globe Award, Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series - Drama, for Wiseguy
Filmography
References
External links
1957 births
20th-century American male actors
Age controversies
American male film actors
American male television actors
American people of German descent
American people of Italian descent
Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (television) winners
Living people
Male actors from Chicago
People from Midlothian, Illinois
Janitors
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4781232
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg%20Omen
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Hindenburg Omen
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The Hindenburg Omen was a proposed technical analysis pattern, named after the Hindenburg disaster of May 6, 1937. It was created by Jim Miekka, who believed that it predicted stock market crashes.
History
The theory is largely based on Norman G. Fosback's High Low Logic Index (HLLI). The value of the HLLI is the lesser of the NYSE new highs or new lows divided by the number of NYSE issues traded, smoothed by an appropriate exponential moving average. The theory itself was promoted by Jim Miekka.
Mechanics
The pattern is a combination of technical factors that attempt to measure the health of the NYSE, and as a result, the stock market in general. The goal of the indicator is to identify increased probability of a stock market crash.
The rationale is that under "normal conditions" a substantial number of stocks may set either new annual highs or new annual lows, but not both at the same time. As a healthy market possesses a degree of uniformity, whether up or down, the simultaneous presence of many new highs and lows may signal trouble.
Criteria include:
The daily number of NYSE new 52-week highs and the daily number of new 52-week lows are both greater than a threshold (proposed at 2.8%)
The NYSE index is greater in value than it was 50 trading days ago - 50-day Rate of Change (ROC) should be positive. Originally, this was expressed as a rising 10-week moving average.
As a rule, the shorter the time-frame in which the conditions listed above occur, and the greater the number of conditions observed in that time frame, the stronger the effect. If several—but not all—of the conditions are repeatedly observed within a few weeks, that is a stronger indicator than all of the conditions observed just once during a 30-day period.
See also
VIX, Chicago Board Options Exchange Market Volatility Index
References
Technical analysis
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4781236
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangchuck%20dynasty
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Wangchuck dynasty
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The Wangchuck dynasty () have held the hereditary position of Druk Gyalpo ("Dragon King") of Bhutan since 1907. Prior to reunification, the Wangchuck family had governed the district of Trongsa as descendants of Dungkar Choji. They eventually overpowered other regional lords and earned the favour of the British Empire. After consolidating power, the 12th Penlop of Trongsa Gongsar Ugyen Wangchuck was elected Druk Gyalpo, thus founding the dynasty. The position of Druk Gyalpo – who heads the royal family of Bhutan – is more commonly known in English as the King of Bhutan, however "Druk Gyalpo" would be translated literally as "Dragon King" (or less commonly, "King of the Dragons," or "Thunder Dragon King")
The Wangchuck dynasty ruled government power in Bhutan and established relations with the British Empire and India under its first two monarchs. The third, fourth, and fifth (current) monarchs have put the kingdom on its path toward democratization, decentralization, and development.
History
There have been five Wangchuck kings of Bhutan, namely:
Ugyen Wangchuck (b.1861–d.1926) "First King"; reigned 17 December 1907 – 21 August 1926.
Jigme Wangchuck (b.1905–d.1952) "Second King"; r. 21 August 1926 – 24 March 1952.
Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (b.1929–d.1972) "Third King"; r. 24 March 1952 – 24 July 1972.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck (b.1955) "Fourth King"; r. 24 July 1972 – 9 December 2006.
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (b.1980) "Fifth King"; r. 9 December 2006 – present.
The ascendency of the Wangchuck family is deeply rooted in the historical politics of Bhutan. Between 1616 and 1907, varying administrative, religious, and regional powers vied for control within Bhutan. During this period, factions were influenced and supported by Tibet and the British Empire. Ultimately, the hereditary Penlop of Trongsa, Ugyen Wangchuck, was elected the first Druk Gyalpo by an assembly of his subjects in 1907, marking the ascendency of his dynasty.
Origins
Under Bhutan's early theocratic Tibetan dual system of government, decreasingly effective central government control resulted in the de facto disintegration of the office of Shabdrung after the death of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in 1651. Under the dual system of the government, Desi or the temporal rulers took control of civil administration and Je Khenpos took control of religious affairs. Two successor Shabdrungs – the son (1651) and stepbrother (1680) of Ngawang Namgyal – were effectively controlled by the Druk Desi and Je Khenpo until power was further splintered through the innovation of multiple Shabdrung incarnations, reflecting speech, mind, and body. Increasingly secular regional lords (penlops and dzongpons) competed for power amid a backdrop of civil war over the Shabdrung and invasions from Tibet, and the Mongol Empire. The penlops of Trongsa and Paro, and the dzongpons of Punakha, Thimphu, and Wangdue Phodrang were particularly notable figures in the competition for regional dominance.
Chogyal Minjur Tenpa (1613–1680; r. 1667–1680) was the first Penlop of Trongsa (Tongsab), appointed by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal. He was born Damchho Lhundrub in Min-Chhud, Tibet, and led a monastic life from childhood. Before his appointment as Tongsab, he held the appointed post of Umzey (Chant Master). A trusted follower of the Shabdrung, Minjur Tenpa was sent to subdue kings of Bumthang, Lhuntse, Trashigang, Zhemgang, and other lords from Trongsa Dzong. After doing so, the Tongsab divided his control in the east among eight regions (Shachho Khorlo Tsegay), overseen by Dungpas and Kutshabs (civil servants). He went on to build Jakar, Lhuntse, Trashigang, and Zhemgang Dzongs.
Within this political landscape, the Wangchuck family originated in the Bumthang region of central Bhutan. The family belongs to the Nyö clan, and is descended from Pema Lingpa, a Bhutanese Nyingmapa saint. The Nyö clan emerged as a local aristocracy, supplanting many older aristocratic families of Tibetan origin that sided with Tibet during invasions of Bhutan. In doing so, the clan came to occupy the hereditary position of Penlop of Trongsa, as well as significant national and local government positions.
The Penlop of Trongsa managed central Bhutan; the rival Penlop of Paro controlled western Bhutan; and dzongpons controlled areas surrounding their respective dzongs. The Penlop of Paro, unlike Trongsa, was an office appointed by the Druk Desi's central government. Because western regions controlled by the Penlop of Paro contained lucrative trade routes, it became the object of competition among aristocratic families.
Although Bhutan generally enjoyed favorable relations with both Tibet and British India through the 19th century, extension of British power at Bhutan's borders as well as Tibetan incursions in British Sikkim defined politically opposed pro-Tibet and pro-Britain forces. This period of intense rivalry between and within western and central Bhutan, coupled with external forces from Tibet and especially the British Empire, provided the conditions for the ascendancy of the Penlop of Trongsa.
After the Duar War with Britain (1864–65) as well as substantial territorial losses (Cooch Behar 1835; Assam Duars 1841), armed conflict turned inward. In 1870, amid the continuing civil wars, the 10th Penlop of Trongsa, Jigme Namgyal ascended to the office of 48th Druk Desi. In 1879, he appointed his 17-year-old son Ugyen Wangchuck as the 23rd Penlop of Paro. Jigme Namgyal reigned through his death 1881, punctuated by periods of retirement during which he retained effective control of the country.
The pro-Britain Penlop Ugyen Wangchuck ultimately prevailed against the pro-Tibet and anti-Britain Penlop of Paro after a series of civil wars and rebellions between 1882 and 1885. After his father's death in 1881, Ugyen Wangchuck entered a feud over the post of Penlop of Trongsa. In 1882, at the age of 20, he marched on Bumthang and Trongsa, winning the post of Penlop of Trongsa in addition to Paro. In 1885, Ugyen Wangchuck intervened in a conflict between the Dzongpens of Punakha and Thimphu, sacking both sides and seizing Simtokha Dzong. From this time forward, the office of Desi became purely ceremonial.
Nationhood under the Wangchucks
The 12th Trongsa Penlop, Ugyen Wangchuck, firmly in power and advised by Kazi Ugyen Dorji, accompanied the British expedition to Tibet as an invaluable intermediary, earning his first British knighthood. Penlop Ugyen Wangchuck further garnered knighthood in the KCIE in 1905. Meanwhile, the last officially recognized Shabdrung and Druk Desi had died in 1903 and 1904, respectively. As a result, a power vacuum formed within the already dysfunctional dual system of government. Civil administration had fallen to the hands of Penlop Ugyen Wangchuck, and in November 1907 he was unanimously elected hereditary monarch by an assembly of the leading members of the clergy, officials, and aristocratic families. His ascendency to the throne ended the traditional dual system of government in place for nearly 300 years. The title Penlop of Trongsa – or Penlop of Chötse, another name for Trongsa – continued to be held by crown princes.
As King of Bhutan, Ugyen Wangchuck secured the Treaty of Punakha (1910), under which Britain guaranteed Bhutan's independence, granted Bhutanese Royal Government a stipend, and took control of Bhutanese foreign relations. After his coronation, Uygen further merited the British Delhi Durbar Gold Medal in 1911; the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI) in 1911; and the Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) in 1921. King Ugyen Wangchuck died in 1926.
The reign of the Second King Jigme Wangchuck (1926–1952) was characterized by an increasingly powerful central government and the beginnings of infrastructure development. Bhutan also established its first diplomatic relations with India under the bilateral Treaty of Friendship, largely patterned after the prior Treaty of Punakha.
The Third King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (r. 1952–1972) ascended the throne at the age of 16, having been educated in England and India. During the reign of the Third King, Bhutan began further political and legal reforms and started to open to the outside world. Notably, the Third King was responsible for establishing a unicameral National Assembly in 1953 and establishing relations with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1958. Under Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, Bhutan also modernized its legal codes.
Democratization under the Wangchucks
The Third King died in 1972, and the Raven Crown passed to the 16-year-old Jigme Singye Wangchuck. The Fourth King was, like his father, educated in England and India, and had also attended Ugyen Wangchuck Academy at Satsham Choten in Paro. Reigning until 2006, the Fourth King was responsible for the development of the tourism industry, Gross National Happiness as a concept, and strides in democratization including the draft Constitution of Bhutan. The later years of his reign, however, also marked the departure of Bhutanese refugees in the 1990s amid the government's driglam namzha policy (official behaviour and dress code) and citizenship laws that were overzealously enforced by some district officials. To the surprise of the Bhutanese public, the Fourth King announced his abdication in 2005 and retired in 2006, handing the crown to his son Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck.
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck assumed the throne as the Fifth King in 2008 as the kingdom adopted its first democratic Constitution.
Genealogy
Below is an extended patrilineal genealogy through the present monarch.
See also
List of rulers of Bhutan
History of Bhutan
Politics of Bhutan
Penlop of Trongsa
Succession to the Bhutanese throne
Notes
References
External links
Official site (archived)
Bhutanese monarchy
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4781237
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%20University%20School%20of%20Education
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Indiana University School of Education
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The Indiana University School of Education (abbreviated as IU School of Education) is a constituent school of Indiana University Bloomington and one of the top-ranked schools of education in the United States. It offers a range of degrees in professional education: a B.S. in teacher education, leading to a teaching license, M.S., education specialist (Ed.S.) and doctoral (Ed.D., Ph.D.) degrees.
Academics
There are 4 departments in the IU School of Education:
Counseling and Educational Psychology
Curriculum and Instruction
Educational Leadership and Policy Studies
Instructional Systems Technology
Research Centers
There are 3 research centers at the IU School of Education:
Center for Evaluation and Education Policy (CEEP)
Center for Postsecondary Research (CPR)
Center for Research on Learning and Technology (CRLT)
Since 2014, the Center for Postsecondary Research has been responsible for the maintenance and production of the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the largest and most prominent framework for classifying colleges and universities in the United States. Created in 1970, it is named after and was originally created by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
History
In May 1923 the School of Education became autonomous from the College of Arts and Sciences. In 1925 the first B.S. in education was granted; in 1929 the first M.S., and in 1932 the first Ed.D. The Ph.D. with a major in education has been awarded through the University Graduate School since 1924.
In 1951, the School of Education moved into a three-story limestone building. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Indiana University School of Education grew to become one of the largest schools of education in the United States. In 1992, the School of Education in Bloomington moved into a new W. W. Wright Education Building.
Accreditations and rankings
IU's School of Education counts some of the country's leading scholars and educational leaders among its faculty and alumni, including former US Secretary of Education Rod Paige. It has been accredited by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education
(NCATE) since the foundation of NCATE in 1954. The School of Education houses masters degree programs in Mental Health Counseling and School Counseling, both of which are accredited by the Masters in Psychology and Counseling Accreditation Council (MPCAC).
U.S. News & World Report have consistently placed the school among the top graduate schools of education in the United States since the rankings began in 1987.
References
External links
Official Site
Indiana University
Schools of education in Indiana
Universities and colleges established in 1923
1923 establishments in Indiana
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4781249
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandblast%20Rally
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Sandblast Rally
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Sandblast Rally is a rally racing event for both cars and motorcycles. The event takes place in the towns of Chesterfield, Cheraw and Patrick, South Carolina, USA. Recently, the events have been held February of each year. The 2008 event was the largest rally in the United States.
Unusual Attributes
The rally takes place within the Sand Hills State Forest, part of the Sandhills region of the Carolinas. Traditionally, rallies take place on closed tarmac or gravel roads. Sandblast rally roads are almost entirely sand. Some of the roads are compacted by heavy trucks, some of the more infrequently used roads are quite soft. This presents an unusual challenge to rally cars, as the constant drag of the sand increases the wear and drag on the transmissions. The driving technique is also different from other rallies, as the soft sand on the side of the road can be similar to a snowbank, while the braking ability exceeds that of tarmac with slick tires.
History
Long named “Sandhills Sandblast” after the region, the event was first organized by Greg Healey in the early nineties. In only the second year of running, the event was tapped to become part of the SCCA ProRally national championship. Healey moved north to Pennsylvania in the mid-nineties and the rally lay dormant for several years. These first rallies differed from the current setup in that they started at noon and ran well into the night, using three or four stages run in complete darkness.
In 2001 Charles Sherrill resurrected the event and ran similar stages as before. One of the busiest years was 2003 when the event ran twice in one year, spring and fall. The fall event was the first event sanctioned by the newly formed NASA Rally Sport organization.
The summer of 2005 saw Sherrill looking west and thinking of starting another rally. Thus the reigns of the rally were passed to the current organizer, Anders Green. The official rally name was simplified to “Sandblast Rally” at that time.
The February 2007 event saw the introduction of motorcycles as part of NASA Rally Sport's new RallyMoto program.
Past winners
References
External links
Official Sandblast Rally web page
Event organizing group Lina Racing
The Sandblast Rally experience with an open light car
Rally competitions in the United States
Motorsport in South Carolina
Tourist attractions in Chesterfield County, South Carolina
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4781257
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leck%2C%20Nordfriesland
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Leck, Nordfriesland
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Leck (; Mooring North Frisian: Leek) is a municipality in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated approximately 30 km north of Husum, and 30 km west of Flensburg.
It is also home to the former Leck Air Base.
Climate
References
Nordfriesland
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4781258
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Skobrev
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Ivan Skobrev
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Ivan Aleksandrovich Skobrev (; born 8 February 1983 in Khabarovsk) is a Russian speed skater.
Career
At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, he won the bronze medal in the 5000 meters as well as the silver medal in the 10000 meters. He is the 2011 European and World Allround Champion.
At the 2006 European Championships he finished in fifth place. He qualified for four distances for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. He finished eleventh in the 5000 meters, sixth in the 1500 and 10000 meters and fifth in the team pursuit.
In December 2017, he was one of eleven Russian athletes who were banned for life from the Olympics by the International Olympic Committee, after doping offences at the 2014 Winter Olympics. The ban was subsequently overturned on appeal to the court of arbitration for sport (CAS).
Personal records
To put these personal records in perspective, the WR column lists the official world records on the dates that Skobrev skated his personal records.
With a score of 146.008 points, Skobrev is in 10th place on the Adelskalender as of March 10, 2019. He was in fifth place most of the time from February 12, 2011, to December 3, 2017.
References
External links
Ivan Skobrev at SpeedSkatingStats.com
Ivan Skobrev at SSN.info
Personal records from Jakub Majerski's Speedskating Database
Historical World Records. International Skating Union.
Photos of Ivan Skobrev
1983 births
Russian male speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for Russia
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Olympic bronze medalists for Russia
Speed skaters at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Universiade medalists in speed skating
Sportspeople from Khabarovsk
Sportspeople from Norwalk, Connecticut
Living people
Doping cases in speed skating
Russian sportspeople in doping cases
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists
Universiade silver medalists for Russia
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4781260
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDCG-CD
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KDCG-CD
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KDCG-CD (channel 22) is a low-power Class-A television station in Carencro, Louisiana, United States, affiliated with Heroes & Icons. The station is owned by Delta Media Corporation.
History
It signed on in 1996 as an independent station serving Opelousas with a focus on family entertainment programming and broadcasting local news. The station gained its first network affiliation by affiliating with Pax TV (now Ion Television) in 1998. It has had numerous affiliations, primary and secondary, ever since. It was previously associated with Antenna TV, Retro Television Network, America One network, along with programming from The Sportsman Channel, FamilyNet, America's Voice, and the Pandamerica Shopping Network. KDCG served as Lafayette's Pax affiliate from the network's start in 1998, but dropped the network when the Lafayette cable system chose to add Pax's national feed to its lineup instead of the local station due to signal reception issues.
On November 8, 2007, KDCG joined the Retro Television Network and changed branding to "RTN KDCG". At this time, programming from the Sportsman Channel was reduced to a limited basis, whenever the signal from RTN is off the air, plus some scheduled programming weekdays and Sunday mornings. The branding was changed again to "RTV 22.1" upon RTN's own rebranding to RTV and KDCG's flash-cut to digital broadcasts.
On August 15, 2006, after a long and drawn-out negotiation process, KDCG was added to Cox Communications Acadiana cable system on cable channel 9 (22 in Franklin), reaching viewers in Abbeville, Crowley, Franklin, Lafayette, New Iberia, and St. Martinville. KDCG previously offered a live video feed of its programming over the Internet, a practice that ended in the late 2000s.
On March 30, 2012, Delta Media purchased KDCG from Acadiana Cable Advertising and added the station to the second subchannel of KLWB (50.2). On August 1 that year, KDCG changed its affiliation from RTV to Antenna TV on 22.1 and 50.2. RTV was switched to KLWB's third subchannel thereafter and eventually dropped from the station altogether a few months later. On July 1, 2015, KDCG changed its affiliation again, this time adding Weigel's newest diginet Heroes & Icons on 22.2 with This TV (simulcast off sister station KXKW-LD) broadcasting on 22.1, however, Delta Media kept Antenna TV by launching it on sister station KXKW-LD 32.2 with Tribune's other owned diginet This TV. When KDCG dropped its affiliation with This TV on June 30 the following year and affiliated with American Sports Network, its second subchannel went silent. It was announced mid-2022 that a fourth subchannel will launch with Tegna's Twist airing at a later date. On November 21, 2022 Twist made its official launch on KDCG and sister station K29NX-D out of Alexandria, Louisiana.
In 2017, Delta Media moved KDCG-CD from its location on LA 182 in Opelousas to their main office in Carencro, Louisiana.
Subchannels
The station's digital channel is multiplexed:
External links
KDCG.com - The station's official website
References
DCG-CD
Low-power television stations in Louisiana
Television channels and stations established in 1998
Heroes & Icons affiliates
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4781267
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirawala%20Tirth
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Jirawala Tirth
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Jirawala Tirth is a Jain temple in Jirawala village of Sirohi District in Rajasthan, India. It lies 58 km from Abu Road. The temple is considered an important Jain pilgrimage center.
History
According to Jain belief, the temple dates back to 2,800 years back. Jirawala has been an important Jain centre between 506 CE to 1324 CE and received patronage by multiple Jain acharyas. The iconic idol of Parshvanath, the principal deity of the temple, was found during an excavation. The cow belonging to Brahmin boy Kadwa used to pour out its milk every day near a cave in Jirawala. Upon hearing about this by Brahmin boy, Jain Seth Dhanna Shah dreamt of a Parshvanath idol where cow went to pour milk. After the search, the idol was found from the same spot and the idol was installed by Acharya Deva Gupta Suri in 894 CE. An idol of Neminatha was temporarily replaced as mulnayak of the temple.
During 2001 Gujarat earthquake, the temple structure was damaged and was later restored in 2017 with a cost of .
Architecture
The temple has an ornate architecture. The temple has a large domical structure as the principal shrine with domical 52 sub-shrine along the axis of principal shrine. There a total of 108 idols of Parshvanatha in these shrines each bearing a different name with central shrine housing idol of Jirawala Parshvanatha, the principal deity of the temple. There are total of 60 dhwaja stambha in the temple complex.
About temple
The current structure of the temple dates back to 1134 AD. The temple is considered an important Jain pilgrimage center.
The principal deity of the temple is a white coloured idol of Parshvanatha popularly known as Jirawala Parshvanath. The idol is believed to made using mixture milk and sand. In Shvetambara tradition, idols tend to derive their name from a geographical region, the Jirawala Parshvanath is one of 108 prominent idols of Parshvanath idols. The replicas of Jirawala Parshvanatha is popular among Śvētāmbara murtipujaka. According to Jain belief, worshipping these local replication idols allow them to directly worship to the original idol. There is a temple with an image of Neminatha, too. These temples were attacked and desecrated during Muslim rule but were later renovated by the Jain community. The village was a place of pilgrimage for Jains. Many Jain saints and scholars visited the place and composed the religious books there during the fifteenth century.
he temple also has a dharamshala equipped with all modern facilities, including bhojanalaya (a restaurant).
See also
Dilwara temples
References
Citation
Sources
Books
Web
External links
Jain temples in Rajasthan
Tourist attractions in Sirohi district
12th-century Jain temples
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4781269
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reu%C3%9Fenk%C3%B6ge
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Reußenköge
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Reußenköge () is a sparsely populated municipality in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated directly adjacent the shoreline of the North Sea coast, in a driving distance of in between 15 up to 29 km northwest of the county-capital city of Husum.
The municipality includes a number of six populated polders (), two of which were financed by Count Heinrich XLIII of Reuß-Schleiz-Köstritz and his wife Louise and thus bear the names Louisen-Reußen-Koog (const. 1799) and Reußenkoog (1789). Additional polders are:
Sophien-Magdalenen-Koog (const. 1742)
Desmerciereskoog (1767)
Cecilienkoog (1905)
Sönke-Nissen-Koog (1926)
Beltringharder Koog (only unsettled northern part) (1987)
The name of the municipality was created by combining both the first names, meaning literally in . A further non-residential location within the municipality is the Hamburger Hallig. In former times being a settled part of the island of Alt-Nordstrand, it was split up from the rest by the Burchardi Flood in the year 1634.
References
Nordfriesland
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4781284
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Scorsese%20Presents%20the%20Blues%3A%20Jimi%20Hendrix
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Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues: Jimi Hendrix
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Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues: Jimi Hendrix is a ten track companion release to the critically acclaimed television documentary series Martin Scorsese Presents The Blues shown on PBS in September 2003.
The album features two previously unreleased blues inspired performances. "Georgia Blues" (recorded on March 19, 1969 at New York's Record Plant Studios) was recorded with saxophonist Lonnie Youngblood, with whom Hendrix played some early sessions in 1966. Also previously unreleased is "Blue Window", recorded in March 1969 at Mercury Studios in New York. This track features Buddy Miles Express members: Buddy Miles on drums, Duane Hitchings on organ, Bill Rich on bass guitar and brass players Tobie Wynn, James Tatum, Bobby Rock, Pete Carter, and Tom Hall (now known as Khalil Shaheed).
Track listing
"Red House" – 3:50
"Voodoo Chile" – 15:00
"Come On (Let the Good Times Roll)" – 4:09
"Georgia Blues" – 7:57
"Country Blues" – 8:26
"Hear My Train A Comin'" – 6:57
"It's Too Bad" – 8:52
"My Friend" – 4:36
"Blue Window" – 12:51
"Midnight Lightning" – 3:06
Recording details
Track 1 recorded in London at CBS Studios on Dec. 13, 1966; De Lane Lea Studios on Feb. 1967; Olympic Studios in Apr. 1967
Track 2 recorded at Record Plant in New York City on May 2, 1968
Track 3 recorded at Record Plant in New York City on Aug. 27, 1968
Track 4 recorded at Record Plant in New York City on Mar. 19, 1969
Track 5 recorded at Record Plant in New York City on Jan. 23, 1970
Track 6 recorded at Olympic Studios in London on Feb. 17, 1969
Track 7 recorded at Record Plant in New York City on Feb. 11, 1969
Track 8 recorded at Sound Center in New York City on Mar. 13, 1968
Track 9 recorded at Mercury Studios in New York City in Mar. 1969
Track 10 recorded at Record Plant in New York City on Mar. 23, 1970
Personnel
Jimi Hendrixguitar, vocals
Mitch Mitchell, Jimmy Mayes, Buddy Milesdrums
Noel Redding, Jack Casady, Hank Anderson, Billy Cox, Bill Richbass
Lonnie Youngbloodvocals, saxophone
Ken Pine12-string guitar
Paul Carusoharmonica
Bobby Rocktenor saxophone
Tobie Wynnbaritone saxophone
Tom Hall (Khalil Shaheed), Pete Cartertrumpet
Stephen Stillspiano
Steve Winwoodorgan
Duane Hitchingsorgan
John Winfieldorgan
References
Compilation albums published posthumously
Jimi Hendrix compilation albums
2003 compilation albums
Albums produced by Eddie Kramer
MCA Records compilation albums
Blues rock compilation albums
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4781286
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penlop
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Penlop
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Penlop (Dzongkha: དཔོན་སློབ་; Wylie: dpon-slob; also spelled Ponlop, Pönlop) is a Dzongkha term roughly translated as provincial governor. Bhutanese penlops, prior to unification, controlled certain districts of the country, but now hold no administrative office. Rather, penlops are now entirely subservient to the House of Wangchuck.
Traditionally, Bhutan comprised nine provinces: Trongsa, Paro, Punakha, Wangdue Phodrang, Daga (also Taka, Tarka, or Taga), Bumthang, Thimphu, Kurtoed (also Kurtoi, Kuru-tod), and Kurmaed (or Kurme, Kuru-mad). The Provinces of Kurtoed and Kurmaed were combined into one local administration, leaving the traditional number of governors at eight. While some lords were penlops, others held the title Dzongpen (Dzongkha: རྗོང་དཔོན་; Wylie: rjong-dpon; also "Jongpen," "Dzongpön"), a title also translated as "governor." Other historical titles, such as "Governor of Haa," were also awarded.
Under the dual system of government, penlops and dzongpens were theoretically masters of their own realms but servants of the Druk Desi. In practice, however, they were under minimal central government control, and the Penlop of Trongsa and Penlop of Paro dominated the rest of the local lords. And while all governor posts were officially appointed by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, later the Druk Desi, some offices such as the Penlop of Trongsa were de facto hereditary and appointed within certain families. Penlops and dzongpens often held other government offices such as Druk Desi, Je Khenpo, governor of other provinces, or a second or third term in the same office.
The heir apparent and King of Bhutan still hold the title Penlop of Trongsa for a period, as this was the original position held by the House of Wangchuck before it obtained the throne.
History
Under Bhutan's early theocratic dual system of government, decreasingly effective central government control resulted in the de facto disintegration of the office of Shabdrung after the death of Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal in 1651. Under this system, the Shabdrung reigned over the temporal Druk Desi and religious Je Khenpo. Two successor Shabdrungs – the son (1651) and stepbrother (1680) of Ngawang Namgyal – were effectively controlled by the Druk Desi and Je Khenpo until power was further splintered through the innovation of multiple Shabdrung incarnations, reflecting speech, mind, and body. Increasingly secular regional lords (penlops and dzongpens) competed for power amid a backdrop of civil war over the Shabdrung and invasions from Tibet, and the Mongol Empire. The penlops of Trongsa and Paro, and the dzongpons of Punakha, Thimphu, and Wangdue Phodrang were particularly notable figures in the competition for regional dominance.
Within this political landscape, the Wangchuck family originated in the Bumthang region of central Bhutan. The family belongs to the Nyö clan, and is descended from Pema Lingpa, a Bhutanese Nyingmapa saint. The Nyö clan emerged as a local aristocracy, supplanting many older aristocratic families of Tibetan origin that sided with Tibet during invasions of Bhutan. In doing so, the clan came to occupy the hereditary position of Penlop of Trongsa, as well as significant national and local government positions.
The Penlop of Trongsa controlled central and eastern Bhutan; the rival Penlop of Paro controlled western Bhutan; and dzongpons controlled areas surrounding their respective dzongs. Eastern dzongpens were generally under the control of the Penlop of Trongsa, who was officially endowed with the power to appoint them in 1853. The Penlop of Paro, unlike Trongsa, was an office appointed by the Druk Desi's central government. Because western regions controlled by the Penlop of Paro contained lucrative trade routes, it became the object of competition among aristocratic families.
Although Bhutan generally enjoyed favorable relations with both Tibet and British India through the 19th century, extension of British power at Bhutan's borders as well as Tibetan incursions in British Sikkim defined politically opposed pro-Tibet and pro-Britain forces. This period of intense rivalry between and within western and central Bhutan, coupled with external forces from Tibet and especially the British Empire, provided the conditions for the ascendancy of the Penlop of Trongsa.
After the Duar War with Britain (1864–65) as well as substantial territorial losses (Cooch Behar 1835; Assam Duars 1841), armed conflict turned inward. In 1870, amid the continuing civil wars, Penlop Jigme Namgyal of Trongsa ascended to the office of Druk Desi. In 1879, he appointed his 17-year-old son Ugyen Wangchuck as Penlop of Paro. Jigme Namgyal reigned through his death 1881, punctuated by periods of retirement during which he retained effective control of the country.
The pro-Britain Penlop Ugyen Wangchuck ultimately prevailed against the pro-Tibet and anti-Britain Penlop of Paro after a series of civil wars and rebellions between 1882 and 1885. After his father's death in 1881, Ugyen Wangchuck entered a feud over the post of Penlop of Trongsa. In 1882, at the age of 20, he marched on Bumthang and Trongsa, winning the post of Penlop of Trongsa in addition to Paro. In 1885, Ugyen Wangchuck intervened in a conflict between the Dzongpens of Punakha and Thimphu, sacking both sides and seizing Simtokha Dzong. From this time forward, the office of Desi became purely ceremonial.
Trongsa Penlop Ugyen Wangchuck, firmly in power and advised by Kazi Ugyen Dorji, accompanied the British expedition to Tibet as an invaluable intermediary, earning his first British knighthood. Penlop Ugyen Wangchuck further garnered knighthood in the KCIE in 1904. Meanwhile, the last officially recognized Shabdrung and Druk Desi had died in 1903 and 1904, respectively. As a result, a power vacuum formed within the already dysfunctional dual system of government. Civil administration had fallen to the hands of Penlop Ugyen Wangchuck, and in November 1907 he was unanimously elected hereditary monarch by an assembly of the leading members of the clergy, officials, and aristocratic families. His ascendency to the throne ended the traditional dual system of government in place for nearly 300 years. It also marked the end of the traditional position of independent penlops. The title Penlop of Trongsa – or Penlop of Chötse, another name for Trongsa – continued to be held by crown princes.
Penlops of Trongsa
Penlops of Trongsa, also called "Tongsab" (Dzongkha: ཀྲོང་སརབ་; Wylie: krong-sarb), are based in Trongsa, modern day Trongsa District in central Bhutan. In the 19th century, the Penlop of Trongsa emerged as one of the two most powerful offices in the realm, having marginalized all others but the Penlop of Paro. By the ascension of Jigme Namgyel (also called Deb Nagpo, "the Black Deb") in 1853, the office was virtually hereditary, held firmly by the House of Wangchuck of the Nyö clan. Many members of the family occupied other government offices before, during, or after the position of Trongsa Penlop.
Penlops of Paro
The Penlops of Paro were also known as "Parob" (Dzongkha: སྤ་རོབ་; Wylie: spa-rob). As the office flourished, so did competition with the pro-British Penlop of Trongsa. Ultimately, the independence of the Penlop of Paro ended in merger with the House of Wangchuck.
Penlops of Daga
The Penlop of Daga, or "Dagab" (Dzongkha: དར་དཀརབ་; Wylie: dar-dkarb), was based in Daga, a town in modern Dagana District.
See also
Dzongpen
Penlop of Trongsa
House of Wangchuck
History of Bhutan
References
Bhutanese monarchy
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4781291
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt%20Peter-Ording
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Sankt Peter-Ording
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Sankt Peter-Ording () is a popular German seaside spa and a municipality in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is the only German seaside resort that has a sulphur spring and thus terms itself "North Sea spa and sulphur spring". By overnight stays, St. Peter-Ording is the largest seaside resort and has the most overnight stays in the state of Schleswig-Holstein.
Geography
St. Peter-Ording is situated on the North Sea coast, on the western tip of the Eiderstedt peninsula, approx. 45 km southwest of Husum. Part of the municipality lies in the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park. Its characteristics include a beach that is approximately 12 kilometers long and up to one kilometre wide, the dunes, the salt meadows and the cultivated forested areas, atypical for this region. The salt meadows are of special ecological importance, since they belong to the few salt meadows that remain in their natural state. In contrast to other salt meadows along the North Sea they contain numerous ponds and puddles. The landward side is flooded with sea water only occasionally and not every year, so that amphibians such as grass frogs, moor frogs and toads (Bufo bufo) live uncharacteristically close to the seashore. Even the Natterjack Toad (Bufo calamita) is able to reproduce successfully in this environment.
The normal range of the tides is up to three meters. In the intertidal mudflat walks the tidal calendar should always be consulted. That the beach is so flat and smooth has made it a popular site for sail-racing, a sport similar to wind-surfing but on wheels. There are several elevated walkways through the dunes giving access to the beach.
Climate
As is typical of coastal regions, St. Peter-Ording has a maritime climate with mild winters and cool summers.
The local climate, especially the air on the dunes and beach, salt meadows and forest, in particular, contain high levels of aerosolized salts and iodine. In addition, the low allergen content ensures particularly clean air.
The spa is used extensively for thalassotherapy i.e. the medical use of sea air and water.
The municipality of Sankt Peter-Ording comprises five communities: Brösum and Norderdeich, Ording and Westmarken, Bad, Dorf and Wittendün, Süderhöft/Böhl.
History
St. Peter-Ording is composed of several formerly separate districts. The earliest known documentary reference to the village of St. Peter, previously known as Ulstrup, dates from 1373; the name change occurred because Ulstrup had lost a lot of land to the North Sea. There is evidence of Viking settlements. Süderhöft/Bohl gave up its independence after the flood of 1553. The churches of St. Peter and Ording joined parishes in 1867. It was not until 1967 that they were merged into St. Peter-Ording. In 1970, the community became part of the district of North Friesland; it previously belonged to the district of Eiderstedt.
Because of the constant loss of sand, no harbour could be built and St. Peter-Ording never established a fishing industry. Even agriculture was not always successful, due to the salinity of the soil from flooding and silting.
Scavengers, termed Hitzlöper used to comb the strand looking for flotsam. Valuable items were often hidden in order to avoid paying duty.
The wandering dunes created ongoing problems for the residents. Thus, Ording twice had to abandon its church after the parishioners had had to shovel their way to church over decades. The planting of permanent vegetation started 1860, at the direction of the Danish king, who reign over the area until 1864; Denmark's border was the nearby Eider River. In 1867 St. Peter became part of Prussia.
St. Peter-Ording's importance as a beach resort dates from 1877, when the first hotel was built. In 1913 the first sanatorium was built. In 1953 a strong iodine spring was found and more curative facilities were built. In 1958 the state recognized St.Peter-Ording as a North Sea spa and sulphur spring.
The first of the characteristic stilt houses on the beach was built in 1911 and called itself "Giftbude" because, in the local dialect, "es dort wat gift" - "there's something available there", which, to insiders, meant Cognac.
Transportation to St. Peter-Ording was gradually improved. In 1926 the first pier was built on Ording beach, in 1932, the Husum–Bad St. Peter-Ording railway was extended from Garding. Improved road access has been made possible by the construction of the Eidersperrwerk, a sea barrier on the Eider River.
St. Peter-Ording was used in several film and television productions, including "Jan Delay - Somehow, Someday, Somewhere," "Against the Wind" and "Now or Never".
See also
Eiderstedt peninsula
References
External links
Seaside resorts in Germany
Populated coastal places in Germany (North Sea)
Nordfriesland
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4781305
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Bakr%20Shah
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Abu Bakr Shah
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Abu Bakr Shah Tughlaq (reigned 1389–1390), was a Muslim ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty. He was the son of Zafar Khan and the grandson of Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq.
Life
After Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II (who had succeeded Sultan Feroze Shah Tughluq) was murdered, Abu Bakr became ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. However, his uncle, Muhammad Shah, also desired to be ruler, and struggled against Abu Bakr over the control of the throne. Muhammad Shah attacked Delhi in August 1390 to claim the throne. Abu Bakr was defeated in August 1390, and Muhammad Shah succeeded him as king, reigning from 1390 to 1394. After his defeat, Abu Bakr was imprisoned in the fort of Meerut and died soon after.
References
Tughluq sultans
14th-century Indian Muslims
14th-century Indian monarchs
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4781306
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clor%20%28album%29
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Clor (album)
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Clor is the self-titled debut and only album from short-lived English post-punk revival group Clor. It was ranked number one in NME magazine's 2010 list "The 100 greatest albums you've never heard". It was released to widespread critical acclaim and reached number 77 on the UK Albums Chart.
Track listing
"Good Stuff"
"Outlines"
"Love + Pain"
"Hearts on Fire"
"Gifted"
"Stuck in a Tight Spot"
"Dangerzone"
"Magic Touch"
"Making You All Mine"
"Garden of Love"
"Goodbye"
References
2005 debut albums
Clor albums
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4781326
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QX%20%28magazine%29
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QX (magazine)
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QX started in 1995 with the aim to create communication platforms for the LGBT-community in Sweden and Scandinavia. It is published in Swedish monthly by QX Förlag AB and is the largest magazine of its kind in the region.
QX GayMap Stockholm is a printed summer guide in English to the Stockholm gay scene. The printed map has a distribution of 40,000 copies.
QX Events
QX arranges the yearly award-ceremony Gaygalan Awards, handing out prizes for LGBT-achievements since 1999. In 2004, the gala was broadcast for the first time on Sveriges Television when it was held at Hamburger Börs with Annika Lantz as the host. QX also currently rules the franchise of Mr Gay Sweden and has a sponsorship with the Stockholm Pride Agency.
Online
QX runs the Internet community Qruiser, which has over 100,000 users. It is the largest community for LGBT people in Scandinavia. There are versions in Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Finnish, German and English. The website also covers entertainment news, as well as political and cultural events.
The magazine has online shops available, with pins, rainbow flags, clothes, books and jewellery.
References
External links
QX.se
1995 establishments in Sweden
LGBT in the Nordic countries
LGBT-related Internet forums
LGBT-related magazines
LGBT-related mass media in Sweden
Magazines established in 1995
Magazines published in Stockholm
Monthly magazines published in Sweden
Swedish-language magazines
sv:QX Förlag AB#Tidningen QX
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4781329
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde
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Bökingharde
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Bökingharde (Mooring North Frisian: Böökinghiird; ) was an amt (collective municipality) in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It was situated on the North Sea coast, approx. 35 km northwest of Husum. Its seat was in Risum-Lindholm. In January 2008, it was merged with the Ämter Karrharde, Süderlügum and Wiedingharde, and the municipalities Niebüll and Leck to form the Amt Südtondern.
The Amt of Bökingharde consisted of the following municipalities (population in parentheses):
Dagebüll (939)
Galmsbüll (664)
Risum-Lindholm (3627)
Stedesand (870)
Former Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein
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4781332
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy%20of%20sublimation
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Enthalpy of sublimation
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In thermodynamics, the enthalpy of sublimation, or heat of sublimation, is the heat required to sublimate (change from solid to gas) one mole of a substance at a given combination of temperature and pressure, usually standard temperature and pressure (STP). It is equal to the cohesive energy of the solid. For elemental metals, it is also equal to the standard enthalpy of formation of the gaseous metal atoms. The heat of sublimation is usually expressed in kJ/mol, although the less customary kJ/kg is also encountered.
Sublimation enthalpies
See also
Heat
Sublimation (chemistry)
Phase transition
Clausius-Clapeyron equation
References
Enthalpy
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4781340
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanderao
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Sanderao
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Sanderao is a village in Pali district of Rajasthan state in India. It lies 16 km north west of Bali town. It was founded by Yasobhadra in the tenth century. This place was governed by offshoots of Sisodia rulers of Udaipur. Today Sanderao is an important junction of many road routes of the area. The nearest railway station is Falna. Sanderao is located at important junction linking four major roads. The main important economic activity is agriculture and animal husbandry. This place is also famous for its migrant community which is spread all over country and abroad and done very well in business and trades. Sanderao Jain Teerth here is around 2,500 years old. There is a holy 5000 years old pilgrimage " Nimbeshvara Mahadeva ".
Location
For Sanderao the nearby railway station of Falna is 13 km away from where buses and taxis are available. The public bus – stand is 200 meters from the Famous Sanderao Rawla (Palace) & temple (Jain Teerth). Buses and cars can go up to the Rawla and temple.
References
Villages in Pali district
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4781349
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bredstedt-Land
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Bredstedt-Land
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Bredstedt-Land was an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It was situated east of Bredstedt, approx. 15 km north of Husum. Its seat was in Breklum. In April 2008, it was merged with the Amt Stollberg and the town Bredstedt to form the Amt Mittleres Nordfriesland.
The Amt Bredstedt-Land consisted of the following municipalities (population in 2005 between brackets):
Ahrenshöft (511)
Almdorf (533)
Bohmstedt (755)
Breklum * (2.325)
Drelsdorf (1.281)
Goldebek (353)
Goldelund (394)
Högel (470)
Joldelund (732)
Kolkerheide (68)
Lütjenholm (337)
Sönnebüll (234)
Struckum (990)
Vollstedt (165)
Former Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein
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4781368
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markinch
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Markinch
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Markinch (, (Scottish Gaelic: Marc Innis) is both a village and a parish in the heart of Fife, Scotland. According to an estimate taken in 2008, the village
has a population of 2,420. The civil parish had a population of 16,530 (in 2011). Markinch is east of Fife's administrative centre, Glenrothes and preceded Cupar as Fife's place of warranty and justice prior to the 13th century.
History
The earliest indications of human activity around Markinch are Balfarg henge and Balbirnie Stone Circle, in an area now incorporated into the new town of Glenrothes, but formerly part of Markinch Parish. They are said to date back to 3,000 BC from the Neolithic period.
The name Markinch derives from the Scottish Gaelic Mark Innis. Mark is the Gaelic for horse, specifically a steed or charger, and innis is the Gaelic for a meadow or an island, here probably meaning a piece of land rising out of or above a body of water or a bog. The earliest written reference is a charter of around 1050 transferring ownership of the church to the Culdees of Loch Leven. Fife's early medieval place of legal assembly is listed as Dalgynch in early Scottish law books and charters. The original site of Dalginch is now believed to have been on the cemetery mound at Northhall, 500m northeast of Markinch Church. This has led to Markinch's designation as "The Capital Place of Fife".
The provincial importance of Markinch under the MacDuff Earls of Fife is likely to account for the very high architectural quality of the early 12th century church tower. The church was originally dedicated to St Drostan but later in the 13th century a re-dedication to St John the Baptist took place. Both saints fair days were celebrated up until the 19th century. The Norman-style tower and the east and west gables date from this early period and chip-cut stone carving can be seen surrounding the tower as well as in reset stones on the south wall. The Hepburn coat of arms was inserted into the west gable by Prior John Hepburn in the early part of the 16th century but none of his work is now visible. The south wall was rebuilt from mainly 12th century masonry when the church was enlarged in the 17th century. Further enlargements to the north took place in the 19th century (1807 and 1884). The octagonal spire on the Norman tower dates from 1807 and is now lacking its four corner pinnacles. 19th century Brunton Church and Balbirnie Church have both been converted for domestic use and the parishes of Thornton and Markinch have been merged.
On the northern outskirts of the town beside the East Lodge of Balbirnie House stands the ancient Stob Cross which may be a Pictish Class II symbol stone defaced during the Reformation.
The town is built on the top and sides of a low ridge, which was once high ground surrounded by marshes (innis in Scots Gaelic). The height of this ridge is greater at its northern and southern extremities than at the centre. Markinch Hill has six terraces on the northern side cut into the sand and gravel. These are thought to be either medieval or Neolithic in origin. Recent rhododendron clearance has made them visible once more, and the view from the top of the hill to the south has been restored. The trees on the hill were planted by General Balfour of Balbirnie around 1820.
During the industrial revolution in the middle of the 19th century, the village started to adapt to spinning and weaving production. The use of water wheels of the corn and meal mills encouraged new industries to begin along the River Leven on land between Auchmuty (now part of Glenrothes) and Milton of Balgonie in the form of paper mills, bleach mills and ironworks. Papermaking was an important local employer based on the town's close proximity to the River Leven, until one of the two paper mills in the town, Sappi Graphics, closed down in 2001. The Tullis Russell paper mill, however, was still in operation, with a 474 strong workforce, until it went into administration in April 2015.. Markinch's former Haig's Whisky bottling plant is now used as a business park and is split into small units. This is where Fife radio station Kingdom FM was based until October 2016. Haig's operated here for over a century until 1983 before moving to modern premises at Banbeath, Leven. It provided employment to a large workforce drawn from the town and from various parts of Fife. A queue of buses would be waiting for them at finishing time. Even in 1983 the workforce comprised some 500 employees. Many local residents still have connections with the firm, now absorbed into Diageo.
Markinch war memorial was erected in 1920 to a design by Sir Robert Lorimer. Further names were added to the memorial following the Second World War.
Notable residents
Very Rev Dr James Sievewright (1783-1852) minister of Markinch 1818–1852. Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland 1847/48.
Sports and recreation
The town enjoys a range of local facilities including football, bowling, tennis, a curling club, and parks. Markinch's park is dedicated to Provost John Dixon who presented it to the burgh in 1919. The much larger Balbirnie Park, formerly the property of the Balfour family, lies nearby to the northeast. The park includes a golf course, Balbirnie House Hotel, formerly the Balfour family's home and subsequently the headquarters of Glenrothes Development Corporation, before its latest reincarnation, and craft centre. The popular Markinch Highland Games are held in John Dixon park. Dougray Scott has previously opened the games. The Constituency office of Jenny Gilruth, Scottish National Party, Member of the Scottish Parliament, is in the village.
The town is a key destination on the Fife Pilgrim Way- a historic walking route for pilgrims making their way to St Andrews.
Transport
Markinch has good transport links being well linked to Dundee, Aberdeen and Edinburgh via rail. Markinch Interchange lies on the Edinburgh to Aberdeen Line and connects to Perth and Inverness, the latter via the Highland Main Line. The station has recently been upgraded with a new station building, longer platforms, and park and ride facilities. Regular bus services link the station with Glenrothes and Leven town centres.
The station was once a terminus of a branch line, which ran through the land now occupied by Glenrothes between Leslie and Markinch. The line was closed to passengers in 1935, but remained open to freight until 1967. The former branchline now forms part of the Fife Cycle Network and has been named Böblingen Way, after Glenrothes' German Twin Town. Another section of the branch line which linked to Tullis Russell paper mill was still in use until the early 1990s, but this has now also been removed and converted into a cycleway linking to Glenrothes.
Markinch has frequent bus services to Glenrothes and Levenmouth provided by a number of bus service providers. Markinch station was redeveloped to create an interchange for passengers travelling between Leven and Edinburgh/Dundee. Passengers can catch frequent buses from Leven town centre to Markinch railway station, then onwards to towns served by the East Coast Main Line, such as Edinburgh and Dundee. Bus services are shown below:
Moffat & Williamson
2: Markinch - Coaltown of Balgonie - Glenrothes
5: Markinch - Prestonhall - Glenrothes - Rimbleton
School services to Auchmuty High School and St Paul's Primary School, in Glenrothes.
Stagecoach in Fife
X26: Leven - Markinch - Glasgow
43/43A: Leven - Windygates - Markinch - Glenrothes Whitehill
44A/44B: Leven - Windygates - Markinch - Glenrothes Whitehill
45: Markinch - Coaltown of Balgonie - Glenrothes
46/46A: Leven - Kennoway - Star - Markinch - Glenrothes
Markinch Gap
The short valley of the Markinch Gap runs northwest of the village, between the basin of the River Leven and the Howe of Fife, separating the Lomond Hills, to the west, from the Riggin o Fife. Providing the path for the Edinburgh–Aberdeen railway line and the A92 road, it has long been a significant line of communication and transport, heightened by the expansion of the coal and limestone industries to its south and demand for their products to its north. There is a high concentration of ancient monuments at Balfarg and Balbirnie.
References
Notes
External links
Markinch on FifeDirect
Its entry in the Gazetteer for Scotland
Its GENUKI{tm} page
Markinch Scouts website
Markinch Heritage Group Web site
Markinch Parish Church website
Markinch Amateur Operatic Society website
Towns in Fife
Parishes in Fife
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4781371
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Knipp
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Russell Knipp
|
Russell Lowell Knipp (May 21, 1942 – April 9, 2006) was an American weightlifter who held nine world records and thirty-four American records.
He was born May 21, 1942, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He competed in two Olympic games for the U.S. team: Mexico City in 1968 and Munich, Germany in 1972. During his career he won seventeen gold medals in international competition and was a three-time U.S. national champion and two-time Pan American Games champion. He was inducted in the USAW Hall of Fame and the Helms Amateur Athletes Hall of Fame in Los Angeles. He set nine world records in press during his career.
Knipp, a longtime resident of Orange County, California, died of a heart attack while playing golf in Santa Ana on April 9, 2006. He is buried in Jefferson Memorial Cemetery in Pleasant Hills, Pennsylvania, a south suburb of Pittsburgh.
At the time of his death he was in training to compete in the "Strongest Man Over 60 Contest". He was then lifting greater than the current "Over 60's Record" when he unexpectedly died.
References
Tim Grant (2006). Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: Obituary of Russell Knipp. Retrieved April 17, 2006.
Russ Knipp - Hall of Fame at Weightlifting Exchange
1942 births
2006 deaths
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
American male weightlifters
Olympic weightlifters for the United States
Weightlifters at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in weightlifting
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Weightlifters at the 1967 Pan American Games
Weightlifters at the 1971 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1967 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1971 Pan American Games
20th-century American people
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4781390
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid%20Bedfordshire%20District%20Council%20elections
|
Mid Bedfordshire District Council elections
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Mid Bedfordshire was a non-metropolitan district in Bedfordshire, England. It was abolished on 1 April 2009 and replaced by Central Bedfordshire.
Political control
Political control of the council was held by the following parties:
Leadership
The last leader of the council was Tricia Turner, a Conservative. She went on to be the first leader of Central Bedfordshire Council.
Council elections
1973 Mid Bedfordshire District Council election
1976 Mid Bedfordshire District Council election
1979 Mid Bedfordshire District Council election (New ward boundaries)
1983 Mid Bedfordshire District Council election
1987 Mid Bedfordshire District Council election (District boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
1991 Mid Bedfordshire District Council election (District boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
1995 Mid Bedfordshire District Council election
1999 Mid Bedfordshire District Council election
2003 Mid Bedfordshire District Council election (New ward boundaries)
2007 Mid Bedfordshire District Council election
By-election results
1995-1999
1999-2003
2003-2007
2007-2011
References
Council elections in Bedfordshire
District council elections in England
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4781393
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6hr-Land
|
Föhr-Land
|
Föhr-Land was an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It covered the island of Föhr (except the independent town Wyk auf Föhr), in the North Sea, approx. 45 km northwest of Husum. Its seat was in Midlum until August 1, 2006, since then it was in the town hall of Wyk auf Föhr. In January 2007, the Amt Föhr-Land has been merged with the previously independent town Wyk auf Föhr and the Amt Amrum, to form the Amt Föhr-Amrum.
Until January 1, 2007, the Amt Föhr-Land consisted of the following municipalities (population in 2005 between brackets):
Alkersum (416)
Borgsum (343)
Dunsum (79)
Midlum (362)
Nieblum (636)
Oevenum (494)
Oldsum (564)
Süderende (185)
Utersum (412)
Witsum (46)
Wrixum (689)
Former Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein
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4781412
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrharde
|
Karrharde
|
Karrharde (North Frisian: Kårhiird; ) was an amt (collective municipality) in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It was situated on the border with Denmark, approx. 35 km north of Husum, and 25 km west of Flensburg. Its seat was in Leck, itself not part of the amt. In January 2008, it was merged with the Ämter Bökingharde, Süderlügum and Wiedingharde, and the municipalities Niebüll and Leck to form the Amt Südtondern.
The amt of Karrharde consisted of the following municipalities ( population in parentheses):
Achtrup (1548)
Bramstedtlund (237)
Enge-Sande (1150)
Karlum (218)
Klixbüll (932)
Ladelund (1516)
Sprakebüll (221)
Stadum (1070)
Tinningstedt (209)
Westre (400)
Former Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein
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4781413
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Seed
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Jimmy Seed
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James Marshall Seed (25 March 1895 – 16 July 1966) was an English footballer and football manager.
Despite being born in Blackhill, Seed was brought up in the village of Whitburn on the coast just to the north of Sunderland, the family moving when Seed was two years old.
Playing career
On leaving school at fourteen, Seed worked at Whitburn colliery and when he reached sixteen played football in the Wearside League for Whitburn, along with his brother Angus who would have a short professional career with Leicester Fosse. After scoring over eighty goals for Whitburn, Seed had unsuccessful trials at South Shields and Sunderland. However, Sunderland manager Bob Kyle decided to give Seed a second chance, this time playing him at inside right instead of centre forward in a North Eastern League match against Wallsend. Seed scored a hat-trick in the match and was promptly signed by Sunderland as a professional in April 1914.
Sunderland and First World War
Seed spent the 1914–15 season playing in Sunderland reserves, he scored plenty of goals as the team lifted the Durham Senior Cup. Competitive league football was suspended at the end of that season because of the outbreak of World War I. At the end of the season, the 20-year-old Seed joined the Army Cyclist Corps. In the summer of 1916, he was drafted to France with the 8th battalion of the West Yorkshire Regiment. In July 1917 Seed was gassed when a German aeroplane dropped mustard gas bombs over Nieuwpoort, Belgium. Seed was with other soldiers sheltering in the basement of a bombed out building when the gas seeped in. Over fifty of his comrades died in the incident. He was sent to England to convalesce and returned to France in August 1918, until being evacuated after being gassed in Valenciennes, France two months later. With the cessation of hostilities, Seed played a Victory League match for Sunderland against Durham City in 1918, however his lungs were weak and he had a poor game. On the strength of that performance the Sunderland directors decided that Seed's wartime experience had finished him as a footballer and let him go, although they did not put him on the transfer list as they thought his lungs were too damaged. Seed never played an official first team game for Sunderland. He was discharged from the army in March 1919.
Mid Rhondda
Seed's football career was rescued by former Wales international Haydn Price, the manager of Welsh non-League team Mid Rhondda, who were based in the town of Tonypandy. Price offered Seed a chance to play for the south Wales club, which Seed accepted, and he signed for them in July 1919. Seed joined former England international Joseph Bache and ex-teammate from Sunderland Frank Pattison in the Mid-Rhondda side and they had a successful time in the seven months that Seed was with them, winning both the Southern League Division Two and Welsh League titles. Seed's good form attracted the attention of Tottenham Hotspur manager Peter McWilliam and in January 1920 he signed for the north London side for a fee of £250, a move which caused some antagonism amongst supporters in Tonypandy.
Tottenham Hotspur
After initially playing five games in the reserves Seed got his first team chance with Spurs, making his debut at inside right and forming an immediate understanding with the legendary, diminutive right winger Fanny Walden. Seed played five games in the remainder of the 1919–20 season, scoring two goals as Spurs ran away with the Second Division title. Seed was a virtual ever present for Spurs in the following seven seasons in the First Division. The 1920–21 season saw Tottenham lift the FA Cup, with Seed playing in all six matches in the cup run, scoring five goals, including a hat trick against Bradford City in the second round. Just two months after getting his cup winners medal Seed was called up for the first of this five England caps on 21 May 1921 against Belgium, he never got a long run in the international side, playing his final game in April 1925.
1921–22 saw Tottenham finish runners up to Liverpool in the First Division, with Seed scoring ten goals in 36 appearances. In February 1927 Peter McWilliam resigned as Spurs manager, being replaced by Billy Minter. Minter decided that the 32-year-old Seed was reaching the end of his career, and with a young Taffy O'Callaghan ready to take his place, he cut Seed's wages from £8 to £7 a week. Seed's reaction to this was to ask to be released by the club at the end of the 1926–27 season and after looking like taking the player/manager job at Aldershot, he eventually signed for The Wednesday in a part exchange deal involving Darkie Lowdell and a cash adjustment paid by Spurs.
Sheffield Wednesday
Seed made his Wednesday debut on 27 August 1927, in the first match of the 1927–28 season against Everton. During the first part of the season Seed was asked to play in numerous different positions by manager Bob Brown as Wednesday struggled in the First Division. By March 1928 they had won only six matches out of 32, and were seven points adrift at the foot of the table. At that stage Seed was made team captain with existing skipper Fred Keen being dropped, Ellis Rimmer was bought from Tranmere Rovers and these changes triggered an amazing recovery. Wednesday picked up seventeen points from a possible twenty in the last ten matches and avoided relegation by a point. Ironically, Seed's former club Tottenham were relegated on the final day of the season.
By his own admission, Seed did not play his best football of his career at Wednesday, but his experience and know-how as captain was the catalyst that drove a young and talented Wednesday side to two successive First Division championships in the following two seasons (1928–29 and 1929–30), making this the most successful period in the club's history. He played in Sheffield Wednesday's 2–1 defeat by Arsenal in the Charity Shield at Stamford Bridge in October 1930. Seed spent four seasons at Hillsborough, but by the 1930–31 season, aged 35, he was badly hampered by a knee injury and was often limping before the end of the games. He often played even though he was not fully fit, because of his talismanic influence on the team. After damaging the ligaments in his right knee in a match against Newcastle United at Christmas 1930 he realised his playing days were numbered, but he did not retire until the end of the 1931–32 season. He then took up an offer from Arsenal manager Herbert Chapman to manage Clapton Orient (which Chapman intended to become Arsenal's nursery club).
He played for the "Professionals" in the 1929 FA Charity Shield.
Managerial career
Clapton Orient
Seed began his managerial career at Clapton Orient. He was tempted into the job by Arsenal manager Herbert Chapman, who told Seed that Arsenal had plans to buy Orient and turn them into their nursery club. Seed commenced the job at £12 a week but within a short time Arsenal were forced to abandon their plans after being told by the Football League that they were acting unlawfully. Without the financial backing of Arsenal, Orient had very little money and the team struggled. In Seed's first season as manager the team finished 16th, and then in the following 1932–33 campaign they avoided having to seek re-election on goal average. In May 1933 he accepted the offer of the manager's job at Charlton Athletic, despite Sheffield Wednesday trying to tempt Seed back to Hillsborough as a replacement for the manager Bob Brown.
Charlton Athletic
Between 1933 and 1936 he led Charlton to successive promotions from the Third Division to the First Division. In Charlton's first season in the top-flight, they finished runners-up behind Manchester City in 1937. They finished third and fourth in the following two seasons before the outbreak of World War II.
He led the team into a variety of regional competitions set up during the war and Charlton reached a Wembley final for the first time in 1943. They were beaten 7–1 by Arsenal in the War Cup. They were more successful in 1944, when captain Don Welsh lifted the trophy following a 3–1 triumph over Chelsea.
They contested the first two post-war FA Cup finals at Wembley, which were noted for the ball bursting on both occasions. They were well beaten 4–1 by Derby County in 1946, but a Chris Duffy goal beat Burnley 1–0 in 1947.
Despite the revenues generated by very large home attendances, Charlton refused to allow Seed to invest in new players (he "discovered" Stanley Matthews but was not allowed to sign him) and so Charlton were unable to repeat their pre-war success in the First Division, finishing no higher than ninth in the initial six seasons after the conflict. They narrowly avoided relegation in 1949–50 with a 20th position finish, but they finished fifth in 1952–53. Following two lower mid-table finishes, Charlton, with key defenders missing through injury, endured a poor start to the 1956–57 season, losing their first five matches, before Seed was sacked on 3 September 1956. To avoid a backlash from supporters, Seed was asked to publicly announce he had retired due to ill health.
The South Stand at The Valley, Charlton's home ground, is named The Jimmy Seed Stand in Seed's honour.
Later career
After Charlton had turned down his request to become a director, he became an advisor at Bristol City in January 1957. He took over as caretaker manager in January 1958 for a short while after Pat Beasley had left the club. When new Bristol City boss Peter Doherty took over, Seed moved to manage Millwall in the early months of 1958. He got off to a terrible start at The Den, going nine matches without a win. The team eventually finished 23rd in the Third Division South, having to apply for re-election. The following season saw Millwall playing in the new Fourth Division, eventually finishing 9th. Seed stepped down as Millwall manager at the end of the 1958–59 campaign, but stayed with the club as advisor and then as a club director. He continued as a director of Millwall until his death on 16 July 1966, aged 71.
Career statistics
International
England score listed first, score column indicates score after each Seed goal
Honours
Tottenham Hotspur
Football League Second Division: 1919–20
FA Cup: 1920–21
References
External links
Jimmy Seed's England stats
1895 births
1966 deaths
English men's footballers
English Football League players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
England men's international footballers
English football managers
Charlton Athletic F.C. managers
Clapton Orient F.C. managers
Millwall F.C. managers
Mid Rhondda F.C. players
Army Cyclist Corps soldiers
British Army personnel of World War I
Men's association football inside forwards
West Yorkshire Regiment soldiers
Footballers from Tyne and Wear
People from Whitburn, Tyne and Wear
Footballers from County Durham
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4781435
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landschaft%20Sylt
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Landschaft Sylt
|
Landschaft Sylt is an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It covers the island of Sylt (except the independent municipality Sylt in the center of the island), in the North Sea, about 65 km northwest of Husum. Its administrative seat is in the town Westerland - which is not, however, a part of the Amt.
Subdivision
The Amt Landschaft Sylt consists of the following municipalities:
Hörnum
Kampen
List
Wenningstedt-Braderup
Note: The total number of inhabitants, under 4,500, is less than the minimum requirement for an independently administrated Amt (8,000 inhabitants). The administration of the Amt is thus shared with the Gemeinde Sylt. Since 2009, the seat of the Amt has been located in the townhall of the Gemeinde Sylt in Westerland.
References
Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein
Sylt
Nordfriesland
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4781441
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%2C%20Fife
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Star, Fife
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Star, also known as Star of Markinch (and historically as Star of Brunton or Star of Dalginch)), is a small village in Fife, Scotland.
The name of Star derives from the causeway (stair) over the Star Moss, a raised bog to the northwest of the village which drains out to land to the north of the village. East of the village are two reservoirs, taking advantage of the already wet conditions. The boggy conditions attract thousands of overwintering greylag geese. Skeins of them can be seen flying over the village from October until early May.
Both the Star Moss and the nearby Carriston Reservoir are sites of special scientific interest.
History
Originally the village consisted of linen weavers' cottages, to support the large flax growing and linen weaving industry of Fife in the 17-1800s. These original cottages were usually of two rooms, one for the family to live in and one for the loom. There are also some original farm workers' cottages. These older cottages have been developed and extended but remain interesting and attractive.
To the north of the village are the notable old farms of Carriston (originally Carrelstoun) and Pyeston which were originally ferm touns i.e. small clusters of habitation engaged in agriculture. Carriston Farm has a notable large house; originally built around 1700, it has a large Victorian extension and tower added on.
Pyeston farmhouse also dates to about 1700, although not as grand in design. An old "doocot" or dovecote (circa 1700) is located nearby. This would have supplied fresh meat in the winter for the inhabitants of Pyeston.
Star has continued expanding since the 1970s, with a current population of around 500. Most of the housing is strung out along the main road for over a mile with several newer cul-de-sacs on either side. Most homes are single-storey, or -storey houses. Recently the residents vigorously rejected a village expansion programme for affordable housing.
Location
Star is regarded generally as a quiet and fairly affluent village. Most inhabitants work in neighbouring towns within Fife or further afield in cities like Edinburgh, Dundee or Perth.
Star is located between Markinch and Kennoway. It benefits from views of the Lomond Hills to the west. It is fairly close to the A92 trunk road, and Markinch railway station on the East Coast Main Line is about six minutes by car. Edinburgh is about an hour away by car and St Andrews approximately thirty minutes.
Amenities
The village shop closed around 1985, and the post-office not long after. Star Primary School and a community hall remain.
Star Primary School has benefited from the recent housing boost, although it had been threatened with closure many times in the past. The primary school dates from 1816, with later additions to the building. There are around 25 children enrolled in the school, absence rates are slightly higher for a school of this size and has reasonable attainment level. There is currently one full time and two teachers who are both part time, whilst the remaining teaching is provided by assistants. School meals are transported daily from Markinch Primary due to staffing cuts several years ago. The school has no physical education facilities other than a local community hall which has been under the veil of closure for some time.
Development
The draft Kirkcaldy and Mid Fife local plan, which is a regional plan to increase housing, proposed a number of sites around the village for substantial developments, although these have all been decided against.
Recreation
The village was home to Star Hearts AFC, one of the most successful amateur football clubs to come out of Fife. The club was founded in 1962 by David Leitch who, at the time, worked on Carriston Farm. They were the first Fife amateur club to win the Scottish Amateur cup in 1975 and are record 10-time winners of the Fife Amateur Cup. After 50 years in the Fife amateurs they formed Kennoway Star Hearts along with officials from Kennoway AFC, and joined the SJFA East Region in 2013. They play their games at Treaton Park in Star and now compete in the .
The community hall is used by such groups as The Youth Club, WRI, Bowls, Toddlers' Group and Machine Knitting Club.
The local Community Council was re-established in May 2014.
Every year the village puts on a gala day which is well attended by residents. Gala Day is followed by a week of other community events usually culminating in a ceilidh in the village hall.
References
External links
Carriston reservoir SSSI (site code 329)
Star Moss SSSI (site code 1480)
Star Hearts AFC
Villages in Fife
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4781459
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo%20Bassfeder
|
Solo Bassfeder
|
Solo Bassfeder (English: Solo Bass-spring) is the third release of Einstürzende Neubauten's Musterhaus project, a series of highly experimental CD releases that were only available via an annual subscription through their website or from shows during their 25th Anniversary Tour. This project was separate from their Neubauten.org Supporter Project, which it ran concurrent to.
The theme of this Musterhaus release is individual compositions and manipulations of a bass-spring by each member of the band. The approaches taken are quite diverse:
Bassfeder consists of one beat on the bass-spring, broken down into several hundred segments of the same length, each segment then placed 200 frames later than the previous;
Feder Vice is research into what one could produce from the sound of a single beat;
Geschichte der F. (History of S[pring]) features Blixa conducting an interview with Andrew, and then using the speech pattern as a trigger for the bass-spring;
Dingfest is an exploration of what a choir of 50+ bass-springs sound like;
In Schlagkraft, Rudolf recorded lighting sparklers on the bass-spring and the subsequent cooling sounds; the voice of a German news reader makes an accidental appearance;
12 Rythmen Für Bassfeder (12 Rhythms for the Bass-spring) uses selected midi-files, replacing the original midi sounds with bass-spring samples;
Springtime is a melancholic score for bass-spring samples, string quartet, French horn and flute;
Nux Vomica started out with the concept of a dub version in mind; every sound except vocals is in fact a bass-spring.
Track listing
"Bassfeder" (Bargeld) – 4:26
"Feder Vice" (Arbeit/Röhm) – 10:10
"Geschichte der F." (Bargeld/Unruh) – 5:36
"Dingfest" (Bargeld) – 3:09
"Schlagkraft" (Moser) – 3:32
"12 Rythmen für Bassfeder" (Unruh) – 6:06
"Salsa" – 1:02, "Beguine" – 0:22, "Cascara" – 0:32, "ChaCha" – 0:29, "Guaguanc" – 0:11, "Slowsoul" – 0:17, "Guaguanc2" – 0:45, "Mixed" – 0:26, "Motown" – 0:17, "Pasodoble" – 0:26, "Polka" – 0:23, "Samba1" – 0:32
"Springtime" (Hacke) – 8:03
"Nux Vomica" (Bargeld) – 5:30
Notes
Personnel: Arbeit / Bargeld / Chudy / Hacke / Moser
NU: bass spring on tracks 1, 3, 4 & 7; processing on tracks 1 & 6; voice on track 3; recording on track 6; bass spring samples on track 6
JA: bass spring samples & processing on track 2
BB: bass spring on tracks 4 & 7; processing on tracks 3, 4 & 7; voice on tracks 3, 4 & 7
RM: bass spring samples, recording, & processing on track 5
AH: samples, recording, & processing on track 6; backing vocals on track 4
Boris Wilsdorf: bass spring on track 4; recording & processing on tracks 1, 3, 4, & 7
Jo Jo Röhm: recording & processing on track 2
Sugar Pie Jones: backing vocals on track 4
Ash Wednesday: backing vocals on track 4
Gordon W.: backing vocals on track 4
Recorded November 2005 in Berlin
Produced by Einstürzende Neubauten
Mastered by Boris Wilsdorf
External links
Musterhaus Project website
Einstürzende Neubauten albums
2005 albums
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4781482
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg%20Harbor%20City%20School%20District
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Egg Harbor City School District
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The Egg Harbor City School District is a comprehensive community public school district responsible for the education of children in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade from Egg Harbor City, in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States.
As of the 2021–22 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 529 students and 55.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.6:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "A", the lowest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Cedar Creek High School, which is located in the northern section of Egg Harbor City and opened to students in September 2010. As of the 2021–22 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 962 students and 77.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.4:1. The school is one of three high schools operated as part of the Greater Egg Harbor Regional High School District, which also includes the constituent municipalities of Egg Harbor City, Galloway Township, Hamilton Township and Mullica Township, and participates in sending/receiving relationships with Port Republic and Washington Township (Burlington County). Cedar Creek High School is zoned to serve students from Egg Harbor City, Mullica Township, Port Republic and Washington Township, while students in portions of Galloway and Hamilton townships have the opportunity to attend Cedar Creek through the school of choice program or through attendance in magnet programs offered at Cedar Creek.
Schools
Schools in the district (with 2021–22 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Elementary school
Charles L. Spragg School with 244 students in PreK to Grade 3
Adrienne Shulby, principal
Middle school
Egg Harbor City Community School with 276 students in grades 4 to 8
Gina Forester, principal
Former schools
In 1948, during de jure educational segregation in the United States, the district had a school for black children.
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Adrienne Shulby, superintendent of schools
Allyson Milazzo, business administrator and board secretary
Board of education
The district's board of education, comprised of seven members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district.
References
External links
Egg Harbor City School District
School Data for the Egg Harbor City School District, National Center for Education Statistics
Greater Egg Harbor Regional High School District
Absegami High School website
Egg Harbor City, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group A
School districts in Atlantic County, New Jersey
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4781503
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay%20Simmons
|
Lindsay Simmons
|
Lindsay Anne Simmons (born 7 January 1954) is a former Australian politician, representing the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Morialta for Labor from 2006 to 2010.
Early life
Simmons was born in the United Kingdom. She has a Bachelor of Arts degree, a Certificate in Education, a master's degree in psychology, and is a Justice of the Peace. After university, she taught in a large comprehensive school in inner London, before becoming headmistress of St Marys Convent in Cambridge.
After emigrating to South Australia, she taught at both St Ignatius Secondary School and St Francis of Assisi Junior Schools before making a change to health, community and disability sectors. She has been CEO of the Playgroup Association of SA, Blind Welfare Association, Cystic Fibrosis Association, Autism SA and State Manager of Council on the Ageing.
Simmons has also represented South Australia on many national bodies, including state representative on the National Women's Consultative Committee and National Council for International Year of the Family. She is also a former lay member of the Equal Opportunity Tribunal. Simmons has three children.
Parliament
Simmons first ran as a Labor candidate for the division of Sturt against Liberal incumbent Christopher Pyne at the 2001 federal election but was unsuccessful. Generally occupying the same area as Sturt, the new state seat of Morialta to replace Coles was won by Liberal incumbent Joan Hall on a two-party vote of 54.1 percent at the 2002 election. Simmons contested the seat for Labor at the 2006 election and defeated Hall with 57.9 percent of the two-party vote from a 12 percent swing. It was the first time a Labor candidate had won Morialta or Coles since Des Corcoran at the 1975 election.
Simmons' major Committee contribution was on the Social Development Committee, chaired by Ian Hunter, which spanned her time in parliament. Simmons also served on the Statutory Officers Committee, the Standing Orders Committee, and the Public Works Committee.
In 2009 Simmons lobbied the South Australian Government and the Department of Environment and Heritage to secure a portion of land located adjacent to the Morialta Conservation Park to be purchased to become part of the park. She was successful with the purchase taking place later that year.
Simmons was defeated at the 2010 election by Liberal Party candidate John Gardner who received 54.1 percent of the two-party vote from an 11.1 percent swing.
Notes
References
1954 births
Living people
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of South Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians
Women members of the South Australian House of Assembly
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4781511
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zichem
|
Zichem
|
Zichem is a village of the town of Scherpenheuvel-Zichem in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant. Zichem was an independent municipality until the municipal redistribution of 1977. Zichem is on the list of The most beautiful villages in Flanders as the most beautiful village of Flemish Brabant.
History
Zichem belonged to Maria van Loon-Heinsberg, who was a descendant of the Counts of Loon. After her marriage in 1440 to Jan IV of Nassau, Zichem became part of the county of Nassau-Dillenburg.
Before the outbreak of the Eighty Years' War, Zichem was a thriving town. During the siege of Zichem in 1578 by Alexander Farnese, almost the entire garrison was killed. In 1580, Zichem was hit by an earthquake which toppled the castle's keep. On October 8, the Staatsen retook Zichem. In 1599, a large ignited city fire put a permanent end to the town, and the town was destroyed by the fire.
Geography
The Demer(river) that flows through the city forms the border between the Kempen region in the north and the Hageland region in the south.
Sights to see
the Market Square, a copy of the village squares in Provence
The
The
The birthplace of Ernest Claes
the Witpeerd - a toll house built in 1617 to collect tolls on shipping traffic on the Demer.
Zichem and Ernest Claes
Zichem is the birthplace of Ernest Claes, one of Flanders' most widely read writers in the second half of the 20th century.His birthplace is now a museum.
Zichem is also very well known for the book De Witte van Ernest Claes, which was later filmed several times.
Television series
The television series Wij, Heren van Zichem was based on several conjoined stories by Ernest Claes. Some of the filming for the series took place in the city.
Two films were also made "De Witte" (1934) by Jan Vanderheyden with a.o. Jef Bruyninckx, and "De Witte van Sichem" by Robbe De Hert (1980).
born in Zichem
Ernest Claes (1885-1968), writer
Peter Jan Beckx(1795-1887), superior of the Jesuits.
Johnny White (1946-2014), singer
References
Former municipalities of Flemish Brabant
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4781522
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stollberg%20%28Amt%29
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Stollberg (Amt)
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Stollberg was an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Nordfriesland in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It was situated on the North Sea coast, approximately 25 km northwest of Husum. Stollberg was named after the hill Stollberg, at 44m above sea level the highest in Nordfriesland. Its seat was in Langenhorn. In April 2008, Stollberg was merged with the Amt Bredstedt-Land and the town Bredstedt to form the Amt Mittleres Nordfriesland.
The Amt Stollberg consisted of the following municipalities (with 2005 population in brackets):
Bargum (608)
Bordelum (1,991)
Langenhorn (3,092)
Ockholm (372)
Former Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein
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4781537
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treene%20%28Amt%29
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Treene (Amt)
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Treene was an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It was situated between Husum and the Eider River. Its seat was in Mildstedt. In January 2008, it was merged with the Ämter Friedrichstadt, Nordstrand and Hattstedt to form the Amt Nordsee-Treene.
The Amt Treene consisted of the following municipalities:
Former Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein
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4781538
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%201995%20Ulster%20Unionist%20Party%20leadership%20election
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March 1995 Ulster Unionist Party leadership election
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The March 1995 Ulster Unionist Party leadership election occurred at the Annual General Meeting of the Ulster Unionist Council on 18 March 1995. The UUP has had a leadership election every March since at least 1973, and this is one of the few occasions when it has been contested. James Molyneaux was re-elected as Leader with 86% of the votes.
Candidates
James H. Molyneaux MP, incumbent leader since 1979
Lee Reynolds, a 21-year-old student from Coleraine, member of the Young Unionists.
It was widely speculated that Ulster Unionist MP David Trimble was one of those behind Reynolds's candidature, although Trimble, his aides and Reynolds' supporters all denied this at the time and subsequently.
Results
Whilst Molyneaux won by a massive margin, the number of delegates who did not vote for him was seen as a substantial number. Two days later independent North Down MP, Sir James Kilfedder died in London and that the subsequent by-election was not won by the UUP was seen as further evidence of Molyneaux's failings as leader after 15 years. Molyneaux resigned on 28 August and was replaced in September. Reynolds was later co-opted onto Belfast City Council as a member of the DUP and served as the DUP’s director of policy and as a special advisor to First Minister Arlene Foster.
References
Goodson, Dean Himself Alone: David Trimble and the ordeal of Unionism (London, Harper Perennial, 2004), p. 127.
Notes
1995-03
1995 elections in the United Kingdom
1995 elections in Northern Ireland
Ulster Unionist Party leadership election
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4781541
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agia
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Agia
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Agia, ayia, aghia, hagia, haghia or AGIA may refer to:
Agia, feminine form of Agios, 'saint'
Geography
Agia, Cyprus
Agia, Chania, a town in Chania (regional unit), Crete, Greece
Agia, Larissa, Greece
Agia (Meteora), a rock in Thessaly, Greece
Agia, Parga, a town in Parga, Epirus
Other uses
Saint Agia (died c. 711), Belgian Catholic saint also known as Aye
Alaska Gasline Inducement Act, Alaskan State law
Agia (moth), a synonym of the moth genus Acasis
See also
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4781546
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20from%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo
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List of people from São Paulo
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The people who are born in the City of São Paulo are called Paulistanos in Brazil, while the people who are born in State of São Paulo, independent of the city, are called as Paulistas. These people made extensive contributions to Brazil's (and the world's) history, culture, music, literature, education, science, and technology and a great hub of Brazilian growth and innovation in all these areas. Notable people born in the City or the State of São Paulo include:
A
Sophia Abrahão (born 1991) – Actress and singer.
Lélia Abramo (1911–2004) – Actress and political activist.
Elisa Kauffmann Abramovich (1919–1963) – Teacher and communist activist of Jewish origin.
Sonia Abrão (born 1963) – Journalist, television presenter and writer.
Caroline Abras (born 1987) – Actress.
Tiago Abravanel (born 1987) – Actor, voice actor and singer.
Alê Abreu (born 1971) – Film director and screenwriter.
Silvio de Abreu (born 1942) – Actor, director, and screenwriter.
André Abujamra (born 1965) – Score composer, musician, singer, guitarist, actor, and comedian.
Clarisse Abujamra (born 1948) – Actress, choreographer, and theatre director.
Jerry Adriani (1947–2017) – Singer, musician and actor.
Walter Afanasieff (born 1958) – Record producer and songwriter.
Roger Agnelli (1959–2016) – Investment banker, entrepreneur and corporate leader.
Amador Aguiar (1904–1991) – Businessman.
Gianne Albertoni (born 1981) – Top model, actress and television presenter.
Maria Lúcia Ribeiro Alckmin (born 1951) – Politician.
Frida Alexandr (1906–1972) – Jewish author.
Silvio Almeida (born 1976) – Lawyer, philosopher, university professor, and the current Minister of Human Rights and Citizenship
Adriana Alves (born 1976) – Actress and former model.
Maria Thereza Alves (born 1961) – Installation artist, video artist, activist, filmmaker, and writer.
Moreira Alves (1933–2023) – Academic and magistrate.
Suzana Alves (born 1978) – Sex symbol.
Vida Alves (1928–2017) – Actress and writer.
Maria do Carmo Estanislau do Amaral (born 1959) – Botanist, biologist, curator, and academic.
Antônio Henrique Amaral (1935–2015) – Painter and printmaker.
Sérgio Amaral (1944–2023) – Attorney, diplomat, college professor, and politician.
Suzana Amaral (1932–2020) – Film director and screenwriter.
Tess Amorim (born 1994) – Actress.
Constantine Andreou (1917–2007) – Painter and sculptor.
Angeli (born 1965) – Cartoonists.
Sandra Annenberg (born 1968) – Journalist.
Jhenifer Aquino (born 1994) – Jiu-jitsu black belt practitioner.
Ana Paula Arósio (born 1975) – Actress and model.
Lucas Arruda (born 1983) – Painter.
Sonja Ashauer (1923–1948) – Physicist.
Thelma Assis (born 1972) – Doctor, television presenter, dancer and digital influencer.
Fábio Assunção (born 1971) – Actor.
Konstantino Atan (born 1999) – Actor.
Maria Auxiliadora (1935–1974) – Painter.
Ramos de Azevedo (1851–1928) – Architect.
B
Gabriel Bá (born 1976) – Comic book artist.
João Baldasserini (born 1984) – Actor.
Douglas Baptista (born 1962) – Serial killer.
Luiz Cesar Barbieri (born 1981) – Footballer known as "Cesinha".
Beatriz Barbuy (born 1950) – Astrophysicist.
Luigi Baricelli (born 1971) – Actor and presenter.
Lima Barreto (1906–1982) – Film director and screenwriter.
Rubens Barrichello (born 1972) – Racing driver.
Fabiana de Barros (born 1957) – Photographer and contemporary artist.
Rita Batata (born 1986) – Actress.
Dircinha Batista (1922–1999) – Actress and singer.
Linda Batista (1919–1988) – Popular musician.
Ivo Battelli (1904–1994) – Architect and set decorator.
Moysés Baumstein (1931–1991) – Artist.
Giulia Benite (born 2008) – Actress.
Isabele Benito (born 1980) – Journalist, TV presenter, reporter and radio host.
Gaia Bermani Amaral (born 1980) – Actress, model and television presenter.
Paloma Bernardi (born 1985) – Actress.
Yara Bernette (1920–2002) – Brazilian classical pianist.
Ivaldo Bertazzo – Dancer, choreographer and movement therapist.
Amora Bettany (born 1992) – Video game artist.
Danilo Beyruth (born 1973) – Comics artist.
Tino Bianchi (1905–1996) – Actor.
Bruno Bianco (born 1982) – Attorney and politician.
Virgínia Leone Bicudo (1910–2003) – Sociologist and psychoanalyst.
Gabriela Biló (born 1989) – Photojournalist dedicated to political journalism.
Caroline Bittencourt (1981–2019) – Model and television presenter.
Lua Blanco (born 1985) – Actress, singer, songwriter, translator and writer.
Caio Blat (born 1980) – Actor.
Laís Bodanzky (born 1969) – Film director.
Thiago Bordin (born 1983) – Ballet dancer, teacher, and choreographer.
Carolina Bori (1924–2004) – Psychologist, specialized in experimental psychology.
Alfredo Bosi (1936–2021) – Historian, literary critic, and professor.
Fortunato Botton Neto (1963–1997) – Serial killer.
Alice Braga (born 1983) – Actress and producer.
Daniela Braga (born 1992) – Model.
Gabriel Braga Nunes (born 1972) – Actor.
Sagramor de Scuvero Brandão (1921–1995) Actress and radio peronality.
Karyn Bravo (born 1981) – Journalist and TV host.
Kayky Brito (born 1988) – Actor.
Sthefany Brito (born 1987) – Actress.
Amador Bueno (1584–1649) – Landowner and colonial administrator.
Maria Bueno (1939–2018) – Tennis player.
Luciano Burti (born 1975) – Racing driver.
C
Rogério Caboclo (born 1973) – Football executive, and President.
Gloria Cabral (born 1982) – Architect.
Lília Cabral (born 1957) – Actress.
Eliane Caffé (born 1961) – Filmmaker.
Cafu (born 1970) – Football player.
Mario Caldato Jr. (born 1961) – Record producer and studio engineer.
Antônio Calloni (born 1961) – Actor.
Sérgio Nascimento de Camargo (born 1965) – Journalist and politician.
Tássia Camargo (born 1961) – Actress and TV host.
Cidinha Campos (born 1942) – Journalist and radio and television broadcaster.
Jean Paulo Campos (born 2003) – Actor, singer and television presenter.
Alice Piffer Canabrava (1911–2003) – Economic historian.
Laura Cardoso (born 1927) – Actress.
Marcelo Cardoso (born 1966) – Businessman.
Zilda Cardoso (1936–2019) – Actress.
José Eduardo Cardozo (born 1959) – Lawyer, politician and former Attorney General of Brazil.
Sueli Carneiro (born 1950) – Philosopher, writer and anti-racism activist.
Paulo Caruso (1949–2023) – Satirical cartoonist, caricaturist, illustrator, and television personality.
Marcos Caruso (born 1952) – Actor, screenwriter, playwright, and stage director.
Josely Carvalho (born 1942) – Artist.
Paulo Machado de Carvalho Filho (1924–2010) – Businessman and impresario.
Maria Casadevall (born 1987) – Actress.
Paco Casal (born 1954) – Entrepreneur.
Boris Casoy (born 1941) – Journalist.
Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos (1797–1867) – Noblewoman and the long-term mistress and favorite of Emperor Pedro I.
Renato Cataldi (1909–1981) – Painter.
Leda Catunda (born 1961) – Painter, sculptor, graphic artist and educator.
Caroline Celico (born 1987) – Socialite, singer and former Evangelical pastor.
Alex Cerveny (born 1963) – Artist, engraver, sculptor, illustrator and painter.
Gustavo Chams (born 1994) – Fashion photographer, designer and visual artist.
Giovanna Chaves (born 2001) – Actress, singer and songwriter.
Mylla Christie (born 1971) – Actress, model, singer, television presenter and businesswoman.
Catharina Choi Nunes (born 1990) – Model and beauty pageant titleholder.
César Cielo (born 1987) – Swimmer.
Marcos Cintra (born 1945) – Economist and politician.
Caco Ciocler (born 1971) – Actor and director.
Victor Civita (1907–1990) – Journalist and publisher.
Milhem Cortaz (born 1971) – Actor.
Lígia Cortez (born 1960) – Actress, theatre director, art educator and researcher.
Rafael Cortez (born 1976) – Journalist, actor and comedian.
Raul Cortez (1932–2006) – Stage, television, and film actor, director and producer.
Sandra Corveloni (born 1965) – Film, stage and television actress.
Thomaz Costa (born 2000) – Actor.
Rochelle Costi (1961–2022) – Artist and photographer.
Cláudia Costin (born 1956) – Academic and civil servant.
Eduardo Coutinho (1933–2014) – Film director, screen writer, actor and film producer.
Maju Coutinho (born 1978) – Journalist, television presenter, and commentator.
Cláudio Cunha (1946–2015) – Actor in film and television, and writer.
Maria Luisa Monteiro da Cunha (1908–1980) – Librarian.
Francisco Cuoco (born 1933) – Actor.
Luciana Curtis (born 1976) – Model.
D
Ubiratan D'Ambrosio (1932–2021) – Mathematics educator and historian of mathematics.
Marcelo D'Salete (born 1979) – Comic book writer, illustrator and professor.
Akemi Darenogare (born 1990) – Fashion model and tarento.
Juan Darthés (born 1964) – Actor and singer.
Adriana Degreas (born 1971) – Fashion designer.
Pathy Dejesus (born 1977) – Actress, model and television presenter.
Denise Del Vecchio (born 1954) – Actress.
Maria Deroche (1938–2023) – Architect.
Nayara de Deus (born 1984) – Journalist, television presenter, reporter and eventual actress.
Laryssa Dias (born 1983) – Actress, model and dancer.
Carla Diaz (born 1990) – Actress and singer.
Abílio Diniz (born 1936) – Chairman and businessman.
Milene Domingues (born 1979) – Top model.
João Doria (born 1957) – Politician, businessman and journalist.
Cibele Dorsa (1974–2011) – Actress, model and writer.
Débora Duarte (born 1950) – Actress.
Gustavo Duarte (born 1977) – Cartoonist and comics artist.
Elsie Dubugras (1904–2006) – Journalist, medium, parapsychologist and plastic artist.
Nicandro Durante (born 1956) – Businessman.
Dorinha Duval (born 1929) – Actress and singer.
E
Guy Ecker (born 1959) – Actor.
Eliana (born 1972) – TV presenter.
Eliane Elias (born 1960) – Jazz pianist, singer, composer and arranger.
Evaristo Conrado Engelberg (1853–1932) – Mechanical engineer and inventor.
Eduardo Escorel (born 1945) – Film editor and director.
Giovanna Ewbank (born 1986) – Actress, model, and television presenter.
F
Bruno Fagundes (born 1989) – Actor.
Rubens de Falco (1931–2009) – Actor.
Rodrigo Faro (born 1973) – TV presenter and actor.
Orlando Fedeli (1933–2010) – Traditionalist Catholic historian, teacher and political activist.
Diogo Feijó (1784–1843) – Politician and catholic priest.
Vicente Feola (1909–1975) – Football coach.
Baltasar Fernandes (1580–1667) – Bandeirante.
Domingos Fernandes (1577–1652) – Bandeirante.
Esther Figueiredo Ferraz (1916–2008) – The first female Minister to serve in the government of Brazil.
Maximira Figueiredo (1939–2018) – Actress.
Otávio Frias Filho (1957–2018) – Newspaper editor.
Tarcísio Filho (born 1964) – Cinema and television actor.
Ignatius Firzli (1913–1997) – Priest and theologian.
Christian Fittipaldi (born 1971) – Racing driver.
Emerson Fittipaldi (born 1946) – Racing driver.
Diana Fleischman (born 1981) – Evolutionary psychologist.
Catia Fonseca (born 1969) – Television presenter.
Charles L. Fontenay (1917–2007) – Journalist and science fiction writer.
Gordon Fox Rule (1898–1987) – English Brazilian First World War flying ace credited with seven aerial victories.
Lúcia França (born 1962) – Politician and professor.
Soninha Francine (born 1967) – Journalist, television presenter and politician.
Celso Frateschi (born 1952) – Actor, director, author and politician.
Johan Dalgas Frisch (born 1930) – Engineer and ornithologist.
G
Mara Gabrilli (born 1967) – Psychologist, advertiser and politician.
Cássio Gabus Mendes (born 1961) – Actor.
Tato Gabus Mendes (born 1958) – Actor.
Adriane Galisteu (born 1973) – TV presenter.
Antonio Galves (1947–2023) – Mathematician.
Flávio Galvão (born 1949) – Actor.
Helen Ganzarolli (born 1979) – Television presenter and model.
Alda Garrido (1896–1970) – Vaudeville actress.
Ivone Gebara (born 1944) – Catholic nun, philosopher, and feminist theologian.
Michelle Giannella (born 1979) – Journalist, lawyer and television presenter.
Raul Gil (born 1938) – TV presenter.
Luciana Gimenez (born 1969) – Actress, TV host and former model.
Alexandre Giordano (born 1973) – Entrepreneur and politician.
Ugo Giorgetti (born 1942) – Filmmaker.
Elias Gleizer (1934–2015) – Comedian and actor.
Joaquim Floriano de Godoy (1826–1907) – Doctor and politician.
Alberto Goldman (1937–2019) – Engineer and politician.
Márcia Goldschmidt (born 1962) – Television presenter, writer, digital influencer, YouTuber and businesswoman.
Júlia Gomes (born 2002) – Singer and actress.
Magda Gomes (born 1978) – Model and television personality.
Yan Gomes (born 1987) – Major League Baseball player.
Gloria Groove (born 1995) – Singer, rapper, songwriter, actor, voice actor, and drag queen.
Gustavo Goulart (born 1989) – Actor and singer.
Ailton Graça (born 1964) – Actor.
José Gregori (1930–2023) – Lawyer and politician.
Allan Gregorio (born 1992) – Visual artist and portrait photographer.
Lu Grimaldi (born 1954) – Actress.
Serginho Groisman (born 1950) – Television presenter and journalist.
Carmela Gross (born 1946) – Visual artist and educator.
Marcia Grostein (born 1949) – Public art, sculpture, painting, video art, photography, and portable wearable art/jewelry.
Eduardo Guardia (1966–2022) – Economist.
Ubiratan Guimarães (1943–2009) – Police officer and politician.
Luiz Gushiken (1950–2013) – Union leader and politician.
Sidney Gusman (born 1966) – Journalist and editor.
Alberto Guzik (1944–2010) – Actor, director, teacher, theater critic, and writer.
H
Beatriz Haddad Maia (born 1996) – Tennis player.
John Herbert (1929–2011) – Actor, director and producer.
Alexandre Herchcovitch (born 1971) – Fashion designer.
Ana de Hollanda (born 1948) – Politician.
Luciano Huck (born 1971) – TV presenter.
I
Octavio Ianni (1926–2004) – Sociologist graduated, mastered and doctored.
Fabio Ide (born 1983) – Actor.
Tatiana Issa (born 1974) – Director and executive producer.
J
José Jobim (1909–1979) – Diplomat and economist.
Eder Jofre (1936–2022) – Boxer.
Tadeu Jungle (born 1960) – Multimedia artist.
Kito Junqueira (1948–2019) – Actor and politician.
Roberto Justus (born 1955) – Investor, businessman and television personality.
K
Stephen Kanitz (born 1946) – Business consultant, lecturer, professor and writer.
Gilberto Kassab (born 1960) – Politician, mayor of São Paulo.
Tania Khalill (born 1977) – Actress.
Ana Khouri (born 1981) – Jewellery designer.
Walter Hugo Khouri (1929–2003) – Film director, screenwriter, and producer of Lebanese and Italian descent.
Andreas Kisser (born 1968) – Guitarist.
Felipe Kitadai (born 1989) – Olympic medalist judoka.
João Kléber (born 1957) – Television presenter and comedian.
Samuel Klein (1923–2014) – Business magnate and philanthropist.
Amyr Klink (born 1955) – Sailor.
André Klotzel (born 1954) – Film director, producer and screenwriter.
Eduardo Kobra (born 1976) – Muralist.
Marcio Kogan (born 1952) – Architect and filmmaker.
Mike Krieger (born 1986) – Co-founder of Instagram.
Ronny Kriwat (born 1987) – Actor.
Mona Kuhn (born 1969) – Photographer.
L
Debby Lagranha (born 1991) – Veterinarian and businesswoman.
Odete Lara (1929–2015) – Film actress.
Rita Lee (1947–2023) – Rock and roll singer.
Tiago Leifert (born 1980) – Journalist and TV presenter.
Jac Leirner (born 1961) – Artist.
Nelson Leirner (1932–2020) – Artist.
Cláudio Lembo (born 1934) – Lawyer, politician and university professor.
Bia Lessa (born 1958) – Filmmaker, theater director and former theater actress, and curator.
Rino Levi (1901–1965) – Architect.
Gugu Liberato (1959–2019) – Television presenter, entrepreneur, actor and singer.
Mariana Lima (born 1972) – Actress and producer.
Mário Lima – Actor and film and television producer.
Paula Lima (born 1970) – Singer.
Ghilherme Lobo (born 1995) – Actor.
Lobo (born 1973) – Painter of Pop Art.
Bruna Lombardi (born 1952) – Poet, writer, model, and film and TV actress.
Rodrigo Lombardi (born 1976) – Actor and voice actor.
Gabi Lopes (born 1994) – Actress and model.
German Lorca (1922–2021) – Photographer.
Michael Löwy (born 1938) – Marxist sociologist and philosopher.
Ivete Lucas (born 1983) – Filmmaker, documentarian, producer, editor, and director.
Fábio Lucindo (born 1984) – Actor and presenter.
Kátia Lund (born 1966) – Film director and screenwriter.
Marco Luque (born 1974) – Humorist and stand-up comedian.
M
Manabu Mabe (1924–1997) – Painter.
Evelyn Mary Macdonald (1905–1993) – Occupational therapist.
Paollo Madeira (1996–2023) – Football player.
Miguel Magno (1951–2009) – Actor, director and author. He acted in theater and television.
Dudi Maia Rosa (born 1946) – Artist.
Patricia Maldonado (born 1956) – Writer.
Anita Malfatti (1889–1964) – Painter.
Paulo Maluf (born 1931) – Politician, governor of São Paulo.
Mara Manzan (1952–2009) – Actress.
Nívea Maria (born 1947) – Actress.
César Camargo Mariano (born 1943) – Pianist, arranger, composer and music producer.
José Mojica Marins (1936–2020) – Filmmaker, actor, composer, screenwriter, and television horror host.
Sergio Marone (born 1981) – Actor.
Ubirajara Ribeiro Martins (1932–2015) – Entomologist.
Lorenzo Martone (born 1979) – Entrepreneur in the fashion industry.
Martyrs of Natal (died 1645) – Were a group of 30 Roman Catholic people of Colonial Brazil – two of them priests – killed in the northern part of the colony in massacres that a large group of Dutch Calvinists led.
Roberto Burle Marx (1909–1994) – Landscape architect, painter, print maker, ecologist, naturalist, artist and musician.
Teresa Di Marzo (1903–1986) – Aviator.
Felipe Massa (born 1981) – Racing driver.
Matilde Mastrangi (born 1953) – Actress.
Andrea Matarazzo (born 1956) – Entrepreneur, radio host and politician.
Andrew Matarazzo (born 1997) – Actor, singer and author.
Ciccillo Matarazzo (1898–1977) – Industrialist.
Jade Matarazzo (born 1966) – Arts photographer, arts educator, and curator.
Maysa Matarazzo (1936–1977) – Singer-songwriter, performer and actress.
Monica Mattos (born 1983) – Pornographic actress, director, dancer and television presenter.
Rodolfo Mayer (1910–1985) – Actor.
Tarcísio Meira (1935–2021) – Actor.
Fernando Meirelles (born 1955) – Film director, producer and screenwriter.
Krikor Mekhitarian (born 1986) – Chess grandmaster, streamer, and the current Director of Portuguese Content for Chess.com.
Emílio de Mello (born 1965) – Actor.
Miá Mello (born 1981) – Actress and comedian.
Sheila Mello (born 1978) – Dancer, actress and model.
Lorenzo Merlino (born 1972) – Fashion designer.
Alessandra Meskita – Fashion designer.
Vanessa Mesquita (born 1986) – Model, bodybuilder, activist and reality television.
Flávio Migliaccio (1934–2020) – Actor, film director and screenwriter.
Euripedes Constantino Miguel (born 1959) – Psychiatrist.
Rafael Miguel (1996–2019) – Actor.
Betty Milan (born 1944) – Lacanian psychoanalyst.
José Mindlin (1914–2010) – Lawyer, businessperson and bibliophile.
Marcos Mion (born 1979) – TV host, actor, voice actor, author and businessman.
Carmine Mirabelli (1889–1951) – Physical medium and Spiritualist.
Carlos Eduardo Miranda (1962–2018) – Songwriter, musician, record producer, and television music and talent competition judge.
Thammy Miranda (born 1982) – Actor and reporter.
Clara Moneke (born 1998) – Actress and model.
Jayme Monjardim (born 1955) – Television and film director.
Domingos Montagner (1962–2016) – Actor, playwright and entrepreneur.
Leonardo Sierra Monteiro (born 1987) – Actor, engineer and entrepreneur.
Maruja Montes (1930–1993) – Actress and vedette.
Silvetty Montilla (born 1967) – Drag queen, actor, comedian, television presenter and reporter.
Franco Montoro (1916–1999) – Politician and lawyer.
Fábio Moon (born 1976) – Comic book artist.
Alexandre de Moraes (born 1968) – Jurist.
Antônio Ermírio de Moraes (1928–2014) – Billionaire businessman and the chairman.
Ermirio Pereira de Moraes (born 1932/1933) – Billionaire businessman.
Márcio Moreira (1947–2014) – Multi-cultural marketing executive.
Miro Moreira (born 1984) – Male model, actor and director of photography.
Rita Moreira (born 1944) – Filmmaker, journalist and writer.
Guilherme Moretto (born 1983) – Entrepreneur.
Nelson Motta (born 1944) – Journalist, ghostwriter, songwriter, writer, and record producer.
Eric Moxey (1894–1940) – R.A.F bomb disposal expert.
N
Matheus Nachtergaele (born 1968) – Actor, director, and screenwriter.
Helena Nader (born 1947) – Biomedical scientist.
Marcio Navarro (born 1978) – MMA fighter, former ISKA World champion kickboxer.
David Neeleman (born 1959) – Businessman.
Lisa Negri (1941–2014) – Actress.
Alessandra Negrini (born 1970) – Actress.
Laura Neiva (born 1993) – Actress and model.
João Vaccari Neto (born 1958) – Banker and labor union leader.
Luís Lombardi Neto (1940–2009) – Television announcer and voice actor.
Paulo Nogueira Neto (1922–2019) – Environmentalist.
Madalena Nicol (1919–1996) – Actress.
Mariana Nolasco (born 1998) – singer, songwriter, YouTuber, and actress.
Frederick Noronha (born 1963) – Journalist.
O
Ruy Ohtake (1938–2021) – Architect.
Tomie Ohtake (1913–2015) – Visual artist.
Eduardo Oinegue (born 1964) – Journalist and TV host.
Oscar Oiwa (born 1965) – Visual artist.
Leandro Okabe (born 1985) – Model.
Lydia Okumura (born 1948) – Artist and sculpture.
Ana Paula Oliveira (born 1978) – Football assistant referee, model and TV presenter.
Charles Oliveira (born 1989) – MMA Fighter, Former UFC Lightweight Champion.
Jair Oliveira (born 1975) – Composer, singer and producer.
Julio Oliveira (born 1990) – Actor, model and DJ.
Lais Oliveira (born 1989) – Model.
Paolla Oliveira (born 1982) – Actress.
Pedro Oliveira (born 1989) – Photographer.
Sebastião Antônio de Oliveira (1915 or 1916–1976) – Rapist and serial killer.
Ademir Oliveira Rosário (born 1971) – Serial killer and serial rapist.
Marisa Orth (born 1963) – Actress.
P
José Carlos Pace (1944–1977) – Racing driver.
Fernanda Paes Leme (born 1983) – Actress.
Júlia Paes (born 1986) – Model, singer and former adult actress.
Luiz Päetow (born 1979) – Theatre director, actor and playwright.
Ernesto Paglia (born 1959) – Journalist.
Marcos Pasquim (born 1969) – Actor, television and film.
Tomás Ribeiro Paiva (born 1960) – Army general.
Vivianne Pasmanter (born 1971) – Actress.
Rosana Paulino (born 1967) – Visual artist, educator, and curator.
Alex Pereira (born 1987) – MMA Fighter, Former Kickboxer Champion.
Francisco de Assis Pereira (born 1967) – Serial killer.
Monalisa Perrone (born 1969) – Journalist.
Marina Person (born 1969) – Actress, filmmaker and former MTV VJ.
Vanda Pignato (born 1963) – Lawyer, human rights activist, politician, women's rights activist, and former First Lady of El Salvador from 2009 until 2014.
Laura Pigossi (born 1994) – Tennis player.
Marco Pigossi (born 1989) – Actor and producer.
Luana Piovani (born 1976) – Actress, TV host, and former model.
Marcos Pontes (born 1963) – Astronaut.
Viviane Porto (born 1981) – Actress and former dancer.
Caio Prado Júnior (1907–1990) – Historian, geographer, writer, philosopher and politician.
Flávio Prado (born 1954) – Sports journalist, university professor, coach and lawyer.
Joana Prado (born 1976) – Businesswoman and former model.
Maitê Proença (born 1958) – Actress, television presenter and writer.
Q
Jânio Quadros (1917–1992) – Lawyer and politician.
Giovana Queiroz (born 2003) – Footballer for Brazil.
Rosane Quintella (1959–2020) – Botanical artist and teacher.
R
Muricy Ramalho (born 1955) – Football coach.
Helena Ranaldi (born 1966) – Actress.
Cristiana Reali (born 1965) – Actress.
Miguel Reale Júnior (born 1944) – Jurist, politician, professor and lawyer.
Nando Reis (born 1963) – Singer.
Sérgio Reis (born 1940) – Singer, actor and politician.
Marie Rennotte (1852–1942) – Physician, teacher, and women's rights activist.
Robert Rey (born 1961) – Plastic surgeon.
Caio Ribeiro (born 1975) – Football player.
Jair Ribeiro (born 1959) – Entrepreneur, founder, and president.
Marisol Ribeiro (born 1984) – Actress.
Suzane von Richthofen (born 1983) – Famous convicted murderer.
Bianca Rinaldi (born 1974) – Actress.
Maria Rita (born 1977) – Singer.
Rivellino (born 1946) – Football player.
Zé Roberto (born 1974) – Football player.
Ellen Rocche (born 1979) – Actress.
Júlio Rocha (born 1979) – Actor.
Rodrigo Rodrigues (born 1976) – Filmmaker, actor, theatre director, theatrical producer, film producer, set and costume designer, and author.
Ada Rogato (1910–1986) – Pioneering woman aviator from Brazil.
Raquel Rolnik (born 1956) – Architect and urban planner.
Carlos Romão (born 1982) – Magic: The Gathering player.
Marcelo Rossi (born 1967) – Catholic priest.
Rosely Roth (1959–1990) – Considered one of the pioneers in the history of the LGBT movement of Brazil.
Celso Russomanno (born 1956) – Reporter specialized in consumer defense and politician.
S
Ricardo Salles (born 1975) – Politician.
Roberto Salmeron (1922–2020) – Electrical engineer and experimental nuclear physicist.
Gilmara Sanches (1943–2023) – Actress.
Sandy (born 1983) – Singer-songwriter and actress.
Cairo Santos (born 1991) – American football player.
Djalma Santos (1929–2013) – Football player.
Nelson Pereira dos Santos (1928–2018) – Film director.
Roberto Santos (1928–1987) – Film director.
Maria Dulce Rodrigues dos Santos (1901–1972) – Nun and the founder of the Little Missionary Sisters of Mary Immaculate.
Vitor Sapienza (1933–2020) – Politician and economist.
Daniel Satti (born 1974) – Film and television actor.
Elizabeth Savalla (born 1954) – Actress and businesswoman.
Eduardo Saverin (born 1982) – Billionaire entrepreneur and angel investor.
Carola Scarpa (1971–2011) – Actress and socialite.
Juliana Schalch (born 1985) – Actress.
Katie van Scherpenberg (born 1940) – Artist.
Jonathan Scott-Taylor (born 1962) – Actor.
Maria Helena Moraes Scripilliti (born 1930/1931) Businesswoman.
André Segatti (born 1972) – Actor, model and reality television personality.
Ricardo Semler (born 1959) – Entrepreneur.
Ayrton Senna (1960–1994) – Racing driver.
Viviane Senna (born 1957) – Entrepreneur and philanthropist.
Guilherme Seta (born 2002) – Actor.
Olavo Setúbal (1923–2008) – Industrialist, banker and politician.
Dina Sfat (1938–1989) – Actress.
Chaim Shemesh (born 1959) – Music producer and manager.
Anderson Silva (born 1975) – MMA fighter.
Adelaide Pereira da Silva (1928–2021) – Pianist, composer and painter.
Fernando Ramos da Silva (1967–1987) – Actor.
Maria Sílvia (1944–2009) – Film, stage and television actress.
Paulo Skaf (born 1955) – Entrepreneur and politician.
Ulisses Soares (born 1958) – Religious leader and former businessman.
Mauricio de Sousa (born 1935) – Cartoonist and businessman.
Aldir Mendes de Souza (1941–2007) – Painter and physician.
Ana Lúcia Souza (born 1982) – Ballet dancer, filmmaker, and journalist.
Fernanda Souza (born 1984) – Actress and TV host.
Fábio Spina (born 1972) – Legal director.
Thomas Stavros (born 1974) – Screenwriter, actor and film producer.
Luisa Stefani (born 1997) – Tennis player.
Sylvia Steiner (born 1953) – Judge.
Luisa Strina (born 1943) – Art gallerist and art collector.
Dan Stulbach (born 1969) – Actor, television presenter, director and artistic director.
Luciano Szafir (born 1968) – Businessman, actor, and former model.
Paulo Szot (born 1969) – Operatic baritone singer and actor.
Ilan Sztulman (born 1957) – Israeli Ambassador to Argentina from 2016 until 2019.
T
Luana Tanaka (born 1989) – Actress.
Maria Hermínia Tavares de Almeida (born 1946) – Political scientist and sociologist.
Lygia Fagundes Telles (1918–2022) – Novelist and writer.
Paloma Tocci (born 1982) – Journalist and TV host.
Amelia Toledo (1926–2017) – Sculptor, painter, draftsman and designer.
Sérgio Toledo (born 1956) – Screenwriter and director.
Christiane Torloni (born 1957) – Actress.
Ana Lúcia Torre (born 1945) – Actress.
Wal Torres (born 1950) – Therapist and sexologist.
Paula Tooths (born 1978) – Journalist and executive producer.
Claudio Tozzi (born 1944) – Political and pop artist.
Frederico Trajano (born 1976) – CEO of Brazilian retail company Magazine Luiza.
Eliana Tranchesi (1955–2012) – Entrepreneur.
U
Dorath Pinto Uchôa (1947–2014) – Archaeologist.
V
Rodolfo Valente (born 1993) – Actor.
Sergio Antonio Vanin (1948–2020) – Entomologist.
Ara Vartanian (born 1975) – Jeweller.
Cássio Vasconcellos (born 1965) – Photographer.
Fernanda Vasconcellos (born 1984) – Actress and voice actress.
Kevin Vechiatto (born 2006) – Actor and comedian.
Bernardo Velasco (born 1986) – Actor and model.
Angelo Venosa (1954–2022) – Sculptor.
Cléo de Verberena (1904–1972) – Actress and film director.
Maria Alice Vergueiro (1935–2020) – Actress with an extensive career on stage, cinema, and television.
André Vianco (born 1975) – Novelist, screenwriter, and film and television director.
Cris Vianna (born 1977) – Actress, model, and former singer.
Suzana Vieira (born 1942) – Actress.
Viola (born 1969) – Football player.
Emília Viotti da Costa (1928–2017) – Historian and professor.
Sérgio Viotti (1927–2009) – Actor and television director.
Regina Volpato (born 1968) – Journalist, writer and television presenter.
W
Didi Wagner (born 1975) – Television presenter.
Maurício Waldman (born 1955) – Academic and environmental activist.
Abraham Weintraub (born 1971) – Economist and investment banker.
Francine Weisweiller (1916–2003) – Socialite and patron.
Eva Wilma (1933–2021) – Actress.
Guilherme Winter (born 1979) – Actor.
Marcos Winter (born 1966) – Actor.
Aline Wirley (born 1981) – Actress and singer-songwriter.
X
Nelson Xavier (1941–2017) – Actor.
Mariana Ximenes (born 1981) – Actress.
Y
Yara Yavelberg (1943–1971) – Psychologist and university lecturer.
Z
Chucri Zaidan (1891–1980) – Physician received in 1966 the title of Paulistano Citizen of the Municipal Chamber of São Paulo.
Mario Zanini (1907–1971) – Painter and interior designer.
Mila Zeiger (1929–2016) – Businesswoman in fashion.
João Zero (born 1950) – Cartoonist and illustrator journalist.
Vera Zimmermann (born 1964) – Actress.
References
!
Sao Paulo
People
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4781554
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiedingharde
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Wiedingharde
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Wiedingharde (Wiedingharde North Frisian: Wiringhiird) was an amt (collective municipality) in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It was situated on the North Sea coast and on the border with Denmark. Its seat was in Neukirchen (Naisjösbel). In January 2008, it was merged with the Ämter Karrharde, Süderlügum and Bökingharde, and the municipalities Niebüll and Leck to form the Amt Südtondern.
The amt of Wiedingharde consisted of these municipalities (population in parentheses):
Aventoft (508)
Emmelsbüll-Horsbüll (1056)
Friedrich-Wilhelm-Lübke-Koog (165)
Klanxbüll (941)
Neukirchen (1315)
Rodenäs (452)
Former Ämter in Schleswig-Holstein
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4781570
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunOpta
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SunOpta
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SunOpta, Inc. is a multi-national food and mineral company headquartered in Eden Prairie, Minnesota and founded in 1973 in Canada.
Overview
Plant-based beverages include soymilk, almond milk, oatmilk and broths among others. The company produces these shelf-stable beverages for retailers as well as branded food companies. The company specializes in sourcing, processing and packaging of natural and organic food products, integrated from seed through packaged products. The company’s core natural and organic food operations focus on grains and fruit based products. In 2007, SunOpta Inc acquired the Dutch organic ingredients trader Tradin Organic Agriculture.
References
Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Organic farming organizations
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4781571
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%20Hall
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Regent Hall
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The Regent Hall is a Salvation Army centre on London's Oxford Street. It is one of the oldest centres in London having been founded by the founder of the army, William Booth in 1882. The church is known as the "Rink", because it was formerly a skating rink.
The hall is known for its music, both for its own brass band which tours internationally, its high standard choral music, and as a venue for visiting artists.
The present officers are Majors Richard and Caroline Mingay, who succeeded Major Dawn and Major Graham Mizon in 2017.
Facilities
Booth bought the building on Oxford Street in 1882. Since then, 'The Rink' has had many major internal improvements, most recently in the summers of 2015 to 2017.
The main auditorium seats approximately 550, with a stage area that can accommodate an orchestra of around 50 to 60 members.
References
External links
Salvation Army in the UK
Churches in the City of Westminster
Salvation Army buildings
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4781585
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Eindhoven
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History of the Jews in Eindhoven
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Eindhoven is a municipality and a city located in the province of North Brabant in the south of the Netherlands, originally at the confluence of the Dommel and Gender brooks. The Gender has been dammed off in the post-war years, but the Dommel still runs through it.
It was not allowed for Jews to settle in the city of Eindhoven until 1772, when stadtholder Willem V summoned the city council to open its doors for Jews. Not until 1796 however were Jews totally free to settle in Eindhoven - between 1772 and 1796 the city council succeeded in summoning numerous orders to make Jewish settlement in the city incredibly difficult. Because of the prohibition for Jews to settle within the city, nearby villages contained fairly large numbers of Jews. However, from 1796 onward, the Jewish presence in Eindhoven started to grow considerably. Most of the Jews were immigrants from Germany, specifically from Cologne, Krefeld and Bad Kreuznach. They were all Ashkenazi. A synagogue was put into use. After another period of growth after 1850, the city became the seat of the chief rabbinate for the province of North Brabant.
Most of the Jews who settled in Eindhoven were butchers, cattle dealers, shopkeepers and hawkers. Later on, when the city started to industrialize, certain Jewish families played a significant role in the further development of the city, among them the Elias family.
In the 1930s, numbers of Jewish refugees, notably from Germany but also from Austria, Poland and Hungary, started to arrive in the city. In 1941, 84 Jewish refugees were counted by the Nazi authorities, 57 from Germany and others from Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Lithuania.
The Holocaust
In August 1940, a total of 561 Jews were counted in Eindhoven. After the invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940, the country was placed under a civil administration led by virulent antisemites like Arthur Seyss-Inquart (1892-1946) and Hans Rauter (1895-1949), who quickly introduced anti-Jewish legislation. Only 13 Jews from Eindhoven had managed to escape to other countries, notably the United Kingdom. Among them were members of the prominent Elias family. From August 1940 to December 1941, 57 Jews left Eindhoven, but another 134 settled within its borders, bringing the number of Jews to 638 in December 1941. After 1941, another 228 Jews moved to Eindhoven, bringing the Jewish community to a height of 866 persons.
Besides these full-Jews, another 123 half-Jews and 61 quarter-Jews were counted in December 1941.
During the period 1940 - 1945, a total number of 936 Jews had lived at one moment in Eindhoven.
332 (35%) were murdered in the extermination- and concentration camps in Central Europe (notably Auschwitz and Sobibor). 180 Jews were murdered in Auschwitz; 61 in Sobibor. The remaining 91 Jews died in Central Europe or have an unknown place of death.
63 Jews who were deported survived the camps, a "high" number when you consider that this number meant that some 16% of deported Jews from Eindhoven survived death camps like Auschwitz, whereas nationwide this number was closer to 5% of all deported Jews.
455 Jews managed to survive by hiding or leaving the country.
65 Jews were part of a mixed marriage (with a non-Jew) and by that escaped deportation and death.
Another 21 Jews died of natural causes between 1940 and 1945.
Central Registration Office for Jews
After the liberation of the southern parts of the Netherlands in the autumn of 1944, the Central Registration Office for Jews was founded in the city of Maastricht. Under the auspices of the Red Cross, Dutch Jews who had survived the war were registered at the Bureau. It was useful for surviving Jews in finding their loved ones and Jewish friends, to see whether they were still alive and could be reached. At the end of 1944, the Bureau was moved to Eindhoven. In May 1945, some 2,500 Jews had been registered. This number grew to 21,674 in December 1945.
Intermediate Station for Surviving Jews
Eindhoven, which was the temporary capital of the liberated Netherlands, served as an intermediate station for hidden Jews and fled Jews who returned to the southern part of the Netherlands after that region had been liberated in September 1944. Shelters were founded in several places in Eindhoven. When the first camp survivors arrived from Germany, many Jews who had survived the Second World War through hiding or fleeing the country were faced with the cruel reality that most of their deported family members and loved ones would not return. Any hope of seeing them back was shattered when survivors of the Bergen Belsen concentration camp arrived at Eindhoven Airport in April 1945, and reported that the vast majority of Dutch Jews had been murdered in the camps.
Jewish Orphans
Many Jewish children survived in the Netherlands by going into hiding. By placing them with foster families, numerous children were saved while many parents were murdered in the extermination and concentration camps. Some 1,400 Jewish children in the Netherlands thus became orphans. At the end of the war it soon became clear to members of the surviving Jewish communities that many foster families were reluctant in bringing the children back to the Jewish community - many foster parents had grown attached to the Jewish orphans, some had given them a Christian upbringing and simply refused to give them back to the Jewish community, who believed these Jewish children should stay part of the Jewish nation, especially after it became clear that the majority of Dutch Jews had not survived the Holocaust. Some Jewish families desperately tried to "collect" as many as Jewish orphans as they could and serve as a foster family until the children were able to (illegally) emigrate to Palestine. This was also the case in Eindhoven, where most notably Abraham de Jong and his wife gave shelter to some 12 Jewish orphans, most of whom eventually travelled to Palestine. But even these attempts by individual Jews did not prevent that in 1949, some 358 of the 1,400 Jewish orphans had been placed within a non-Jewish environment. Even up to this day, the way how the Dutch government dealt with this issue has caused pain and bitterness within the Jewish community.
After the war
After the war, the Jewish community immediately started to reconstruct its synagogue in the Kerkstraat (Church Street), which had been severely damaged during a German bombardment on September 19, 1944. On May 22, 1947, it was again put into use. However, due to plans to broaden the Kerkstraat in 1953, the synagogue eventually had to be demolished. This happened in February 1959. On November 17, 1958, a new synagogue was inaugurated in a residential home in the Hendrik Casimirstraat (Hendrik Casimir Street) - it has served as the synagogue for the Jewish community since then. Nowadays, the community is led by M.L. Witsema (not the rabbi of the community); chairman of the community is the 40-year-old Max Loewenstein. The community consists of approximately 70 individuals, although the total number of Jews in Eindhoven and surroundings (including Israeli expats) is thought to be more than twice that number (some 200); however it is believed that several Jewish families in Eindhoven do not wish to visit the (Orthodox) synagogue in Eindhoven, but instead visit the (Progressive) synagogue in Tilburg, Aree Hanegev located approximately 35 kilometers northwest of the City. The Jewish community is part of the Orthodox Nederlands Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap (NIK). Regular weekly services are not held at the synagogue due to the absence of enough adult Jewish men within the community to form the minyan of ten adult men every week, which is required within the Orthodox stream. During the High Holidays services are held, due to the larger number of individuals (including enough adult men) who visit the synagogue during these days.
Number of Jews in Eindhoven and surroundings:
1809 - 186
1840 - 212
1869 - 274
1899 - 339
1930 - 431
1940 - 561
1941 - 638
1945 - approximately 300
1951 - 210
1971 - 164
1998 - 102
Literature
Wissen, Mariëtte van (2007-05-05). Jong en joods (Young and Jewish). Eindhovens Dagblad
P. Kroon, De joodse gemeenschap van Eindhoven 1940-1945 (The Jewish community of Eindhoven 1940-1945), 2003
References
External links
Jewish Historical Museum (Amsterdam)
History of Eindhoven
Eindhoven
Eindhoven
Eindhoven
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4781588
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%20Vivas
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Nelson Vivas
|
Nelson David Vivas (born 18 October 1969) is an Argentine former professional footballer and manager who played as a right-back. Vivas featured for clubs Quilmes, Boca Juniors, Lugano, Arsenal, Celta de Vigo, Inter Milan and River Plate. He also played for the Argentina national team. Vivas has gone on to manage sides Quilmes, Estudiantes and Defensa y Justicia.
Club career
Career in Argentina
Vivas was born in Granadero Baigorria, Santa Fe, Argentina. He began his professional footballing career with Quilmes. After three years with Quilmes, he then joined Boca Juniors. Vivas in all played 98 games and scored three goals for Azul y Oro.
Move to Europe
Vivas then made his move to Europe, joining FC Lugano of the Swiss League on loan. He went on to make 10 appearances during his stay at the club. Arsenal eventually signed him up from Boca Juniors for £1,600,000 in August 1998.
Vivas was at first used as backup for established full-backs Lee Dixon and Nigel Winterburn while at Arsenal. He started 18 games and played as a substitute for another 18 matches during his debut season at Highbury. Vivas scored his first and only goal for the Gunners against Derby County in the League Cup. He had a setback when he missed a penalty in a shootout as Arsenal crashed out of the 1999/2000 League Cup to Middlesbrough.
Vivas was loaned out to the La Liga outfit Celta Vigo halfway through the 1999–00 season. As Arsenal had signed Oleh Luzhnyi and Sylvinho in the summer of 1999, he went on to mainly appear as a substitute at the club. With him being unable to attain regular playing time, Vivas left Arsenal at the end of the 2000–01 season. Altogether he played 69 games for Arsenal with 40 as a substitute, scoring one goal. Vivas then joined Serie A team Inter Milan in a free transfer. At Inter, Vivas found it hard to break into the first team. After two seasons with the Nerazzurri, he left European football to return to his native Argentina.
Early retirement
He went on to sign up for River Plate where he spent a solitary season. Vivas then made a return to Quilmes where he brought an end to his playing days in 2005.
Vivas served as Diego Simeone's assistant manager at clubs Estudiantes de La Plata, River Plate and San Lorenzo.
For the 2013–14 season Vivas once again returned to Quilmes, as manager on this occasion. International headlines were made in October 2013 when Vivas attacked a fan in the stands and subsequently resigned from his post.
International career
As a solid defender, Vivas was always a regular for the Argentina national football team. He went on to play for La Albiceleste at the 1995 and 1997 Copa America together with the 1998 World Cup. Vivas played 39 games and scored on one occasion for Argentina altogether.
Career statistics
International
Honours
Player
Arsenal
FA Charity Shield: 1998, 1999
Premier League runner-up: 1998-99, 1999-2000, 2000-01
FA Cup runner-up: 2000-01
Celta de Vigo
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2000
River Plate
Primera División: 2003
Manager
Argentina Manager of the Year: 2017
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
People from Rosario Department
Argentine people of Spanish descent
Men's association football defenders
Argentine men's footballers
Quilmes Atlético Club footballers
Boca Juniors footballers
FC Lugano players
Arsenal F.C. players
Inter Milan players
Club Atlético River Plate footballers
La Liga players
RC Celta de Vigo players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
1995 King Fahd Cup players
1997 Copa América players
1999 Copa América players
Swiss Super League players
Premier League players
Serie A players
Argentina men's international footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in England
Argentine Primera División players
Defensa y Justicia managers
Estudiantes de La Plata managers
Argentine football managers
Footballers from Santa Fe Province
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4781601
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattstedt
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Hattstedt
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Hattstedt (Danish: Hatsted, North Frisian: Haatst) is a municipality in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated near the North Sea coast, approx. 6 km northwest of Husum. Located on the edge of the village is the Mikkelberg-Kunst-und-Cricket Center, a cricket ground which has in the past held neutral Women's One Day Internationals between Denmark Women and the Netherlands Women.
Hattstedt is part of the Amt ("collective municipality") Nordsee-Treene. Hattstedt was the home of the last two speakers of Southern Goesharde Frisian until it became extinct with their deaths in 1980 and 1981.
References
Nordfriesland
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4781612
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20K%C3%B6nigsberg
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Battle of Königsberg
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The Battle of Königsberg, also known as the Königsberg offensive, was one of the last operations of the East Prussian offensive during World War II. In four days of urban warfare, Soviet forces of the 1st Baltic Front and the 3rd Belorussian Front captured the city of Königsberg, present day Kaliningrad, Russia. The siege started in late January 1945 when the Soviets initially surrounded the city. Heavy fighting took place for control of overland connection between Königsberg and the port of Pillau, however by March 1945 Königsberg was hundreds of kilometres behind the main front line in the eastern front. The battle ended when the German garrison surrendered to the Soviets on 9 April after a three-day assault made their position untenable.
Beginning
The East Prussian offensive was planned by the Soviet Stavka to prevent flank attacks on the armies rushing towards Berlin. Indeed, East Prussia held numerous troops that could be used for this. During initial Stavka planning, Joseph Stalin ordered Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky to annihilate the Wehrmacht forces trapped there.
On 13 January 1945, almost 1,500,000 troops supported by several thousand tanks and aircraft of the 3rd Belorussian Front (11th Guards, 39th, 43rd, 50th, 1st Air, 3rd Air, 4th Air, and 15th Air Armies) entered East Prussia, which had been transformed into a gigantic web of fortifications, defensive lines and minefields. Progress was initially very slow. Red Army troops only advanced 1.5 kilometers the first day, through only three defensive lines. In five days, taking heavy losses, Soviet troops advanced only 20 kilometers and were unable to break through German lines into open ground.
The initial setback did not last and on 24 January Soviet advance forces reached the shores of the Vistula Lagoon (part of the Baltic Sea), cutting off the German forces in East Prussia from a direct connection with Germany, forcing the Germans to supply the surrounded forces by sea. This operation was accomplished by the 1st Baltic Front under the command of General Hovhannes Bagramyan, also known as Ivan Bagramyan.
Prelude and initial attacks
On 25 January 1945, in a tacit acknowledgement that German forces in East Prussia and the Courland Pocket were far behind the new front line, Hitler renamed three army groups. Army Group North became Army Group Courland; Army Group Centre (the army group surrounded in the Königsberg pocket) became Army Group North and Army Group A became Army Group Centre.
Those forces, now redesignated as Army Group North, were compressed by further Soviet attacks into three pockets: one around Königsberg, one on the adjacent Sambia Peninsula, and one on the coast of the Vistula Lagoon to the south-west (the Heiligenbeil Pocket).
By late January 1945 the 3rd Belorussian Front had surrounded Königsberg on the landward side, severing the road down the Samland peninsula to the port of Pillau, and trapping the 3rd Panzer Army and approximately 200,000 civilians in the city. The civilian provisions were so meagre that civilians were faced with three bleak alternatives:
Remain in the city and starve – rations were cut during the siege to 180 grams of bread a day
Cross the front lines and leave themselves at the mercies of the Soviets
Cross the ice of the Vistula Lagoon to Pillau in hope of finding a place on an evacuation ship
Hundreds chose to cross the front line, but about 2,000 women and children a day chose to cross the ice on foot to Pillau. On his return from a visit to Berlin, Erich Koch the Gauleiter of East Prussia chose to stay in the relative safety of Pillau to organize the evacuation rather than return to Königsberg. The first evacuation steamer from Pillau carrying 1,800 civilians and 1,200 casualties reached safety on the 28 January.
The only remaining way to escape Königsberg to Pillau was through Metgethen, a strategically important quarter. On the 29th, it was attacked by the Red Army and completely overrun.
Throughout February, there was desperate fighting as the Germans tried to maintain the narrow connection between Königsberg and Samland. For a time, Soviet troops were successful in severing that connection and cutting the city off completely.
On 19 February the 3rd Panzer Army and the 4th Army attacked from the direction of Pillau, managing to force open a corridor from Königsberg to Pillau. Led by a captured Soviet T-34 tank, this attack was spearheaded by the 1st Infantry Division from Königsberg, intended to link with General Hans Gollnick's XXVIII Corps, which held parts of the Samland peninsula, including the vital port of Pillau. Capturing the town of Metgethen, the unit opened the way for the 5th Panzer Division to join with Gollnick's forces near the town of Gross Heydekrug the next day. This action solidified the German defence of the area until April, re-opening the land route from Königsberg to Pillau, through which supplies could be delivered by ship and the wounded and refugees could be evacuated. This month-long battle is sometimes called the First Siege of Königsberg.
In March the situation had stabilized – by now, the main front line had moved hundreds of kilometres to the west, and capturing the city took a much lower priority for the Soviets. Even so, the garrison was intact and showed no signs of surrender. Eventually, the Soviet command decided to capture the city by assault rather than a siege.
Preparation
Assaulting Königsberg was not to be an easy task. Garrisoned inside the city were five divisions (69th, 367th, 548th, 561st), for a total of 130,000 troops, along with impressive defensive positions constructed in 1888 that included fifteen forts interconnected by tunnels with integrated accommodations for the troops, and designed to withstand the bombardment of super-guns being designed in that era following the siege of Paris (1870–1871). The Germans still held a narrow land connection to the adjacent German pocket on the Samland peninsula. The capture of the city necessitated this frantically shielded connection be separated. The German troops on the peninsula, the so-called Samland Group, could be expected to stage counter-attacks to prevent this from happening.
Königsberg was, according to Winston Churchill, "a modernised heavily defended fortress". Three concentric rings of fortifications surrounded the city: the outer ring of defences reinforced by 12 forts outside the town, the middle ring in the outskirts and the inner city, a single fortress of anti-tank defences, barricades and landmines, along with several other forts.
In order to face such defensive power, the Soviet command planned to heavily rely on aviation and artillery support, with densities reaching 250 guns per kilometre in some areas. The German troops were also subjected to propaganda, explaining that their resistance was futile, and that the front line was far behind them — that they were trapped in a "pocket" and that it would be best to surrender. However, this propaganda had little to no effect.
After four days of preparatory artillery bombardment, the assault started on 6 April 1945. The assault was planned to be "star-like". Troops would attack from many points around the perimeter and meet in the center of the city, compartmentalising the remaining defenders into isolated groups incapable of mutual support. There were two main fronts: North (held by the 39th and 43rd Armies which included the 208th Rifle Division) and South (11th Guards Army). The 50th Army was stationed in the northeast part of the front. One corps was to hold the line while two corps with a total of six rifle divisions, plus artillery, armor and engineer reinforcements, took part in the attack.
Assault
6 April 1945
In the southern sector of the front, the assault began at sunrise with heavy shelling, enduring three hours, trailed by the primary assault wave. The Soviet rifle divisions quickly went through the first defense line, because its defenders had been largely eliminated and the remainder were demoralized by several days of intense bombing. By noon, the Soviet leading regiments reached the second defensive line, where their progression was halted by stronger opposition, forcing Soviet commanders to use their reserve forces. Three hours later, the second defense line was overrun in several places.
An especially bitter fight raged in the vicinity of Fort Eight. Built at the end of the 19th century and modernized since, the fort had thick walls, considerable firepower and was surrounded by a deep moat, making a frontal assault almost impossible. Despite heavy artillery fire, its defenders prevented any attempt to approach the walls. Only at dusk were Soviet forces able to reach the moat and start using explosives to try to breach the walls.
In the main attack axis in the north, the attack started at the same time. By noon, the first defense line had fallen and the second line was badly shaken and broken in several places. In the afternoon, however, progress became increasingly slow, especially on the right flank, where German forces stationed in the western outskirts of the city (the so-called Samland Group) attempted several flanking attacks.
Fort Five, claimed to be the best fortification of the entire Königsberg position, formed a strong resistance point. In front of such a situation, Soviet commanders decided to surround it and leave it behind, leaving the rear guard troops time to prepare a new assault.
At dusk the battle stalled, allowing both sides to consolidate their lines, regroup their forces and bring reserves to the front line. This first day had mixed results, since Soviet progress was not as good as expected. However, both city defenses and the defenders' morale were seriously shaken, and troops, including officers, began to surrender periodically.
During this first day of assault, bad weather prevented the Soviet troops from using precision bombing with as much effect as they would have liked. Additionally, even fortified, the terrain conquered by the Soviet troops during this day was not so densely populated as the central city would be, reducing problems associated with urban warfare.
7 April 1945
During the night, the German troops attempted several counterattacks, using their last reserves. Despite the bitter engagements and heavy losses on both sides, the counterattacks were driven off. The most active part of the front was still the one facing the Samland group, where a dozen such counterattacks were attempted.
Better weather conditions allowed the Red Army to make good use of daylight precision bombing. Several hundred bombers belonging to 1st, 3rd and 15th Air Armies, supported with Baltic Fleet aviation, bombarded the downtown and the Samland Group's bridgeheads.
Meanwhile, Fort Eight, blocked by Soviet troops, was still a strong pocket of resistance. After several unsuccessful attacks, a more cunning plan was developed. Using smoke screens to conceal their approach and flamethrowers to weaken the defense positions, several hundred men managed to cross the moat and enter the fortress, where bitter close combat began. Once the outer defenses were weakened, a massive frontal assault began. Finally, the assault succeeded and the remainder of the garrison surrendered.
During the day, the 11th Guards Army sought to reach the Pregel river, eliminating all resistance on the southern side. However, their advance was slowed in the central area of the city, where every building had to be literally taken apart along with its defenders. A particularly bitter skirmish took place in the main railway station and its platforms, where almost every railcar was transformed into a firing point, and Soviet troops had to use armor and gun support to advance, taking heavy losses. Only by dusk was the area completely neutralized, allowing the attackers to approach the third inner defence perimeter, protecting the entrance to the city centre itself.
In the north, Fort Five proved to be a strong pocket of resistance as well. Soviet sappers finally managed to place explosives at the base of the walls, breaching them and allowing for a direct assault. As with the assault on Fort Eight, bitter close combat began in the fort, lasting all night and ceasing only in the morning when the last troops surrendered.
At the end of the day, seeing that further resistance was pointless, General Otto Lasch radioed Adolf Hitler's headquarters and asked for permission to surrender. Hitler's answer was "fight to the last soldier".
8 April 1945
During the night, the Pregel was crossed by the 11th Guards Army and despite enemy fire by dawn a full bridgehead was established on the opposite bank. Continuing their advance northwards, they linked up with the northern troops, completing the encirclement and cutting off the Samland group from the city.
In the afternoon, Marshal Aleksandr Vasilevsky once again asked the defenders to surrender. This offer was refused and the German forces attempted to break out of the encirclement, attacking both from the city centre and the Samland bridgehead. The latter managed to advance several kilometres before being stopped. Although another attack was prepared, the Germans' lack of air defenses allowed Soviet Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft to destroy a large number of troops. During this campaign, Soviet aviation generally proved very effective.
By the end of the day, it was clear that any attempt by the Samland group to break out of the encirclement would be pointless. However, victory was nowhere near, as almost 40,000 men were garrisoned in the city centre, which was regularly subjected to heavy shelling.
9 April 1945
During the last day of the battle, the besieged German defenders were overwhelmed and the defence coordination fell apart. Having been comprehensively defeated, and in the realisation that further resistance was futile, Otto Lasch decided on his own initiative to send emissaries to negotiate the surrender. At 18:00, the emissaries arrived at the Soviet lines, and a delegation was sent to Lasch's bunker. Shortly before midnight, the surrender was acknowledged.
Aftermath
Almost 80% of the city was destroyed; first by the Royal Air Force in August 1944, and then by Soviet shelling in April 1945.
During the operation the main forces of German East Prussia group were destroyed. Only the Army Detachment Samland remained operational, but was annihilated by 25 April, in the Soviet Samland offensive.
The operation was a major success for the Soviet Army due to the comparatively low casualties suffered during the capture of the heavily fortified stronghold. The capture was celebrated in Moscow with an artillery salvo by 324 cannons firing 24 shells each. A Medal "For the Capture of Königsberg" was established and 98 military units were named after the Königsberg operation.
After the war, following the transfer of northern half of East Prussia to the Russian SFSR, Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad, and was installed with predominantly Russian (and, to a lesser extent, Belarusian and Ukrainian) settlers from other areas of the Soviet Union. This area is now known as the Kaliningrad Oblast. it has remained part of Russia as an exclave after the collapse of the USSR, it now borders Poland and Lithuania.
See also
German World War II strongholds
East Prussian offensive
Evacuation of East Prussia
Metgethen massacre
References
Notes
Bibliography
Beevor, Antony. Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Penguin Books, 2002,
Further reading
Galitzky, K.N. (commander of 11th Guards Army), Fighting for Eastern Prussia, Moscow, 1970.
Shefov, Nikolai. Russian fights, Lib. Military History, M. 2002 (Russian: Bitvy Rossii / Nikolai Shefov. Moskva : AST, 2002. SSEES R.XIII.1 SHE (see: SSEES Library Recent Acquisitions: January 2007)
Conflicts in 1945
1945 in Germany
Battles of World War II involving Germany
Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War
Königsberg
Urban warfare
January 1945 events in Europe
February 1945 events in Europe
March 1945 events in Europe
April 1945 events in Europe
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4781615
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald%20Eagle%20Creek%20%28Little%20Juniata%20River%20tributary%29
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Bald Eagle Creek (Little Juniata River tributary)
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Bald Eagle Creek is a tributary of the Little Juniata River in Blair County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It runs southwest through the Bald Eagle Valley at the foot of the Bald Eagle Mountain ridge to Tyrone.
The longer Bald Eagle Creek runs north in the valley from the same headlands near the Blair County/Centre County line, terminating in the West Branch Susquehanna River near Lock Haven.
The main line of the Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad short line runs along the full length of both Bald Eagle creeks.
See also
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
References
Bald Eagle Valley
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Tributaries of the Juniata River
Rivers of Blair County, Pennsylvania
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4781633
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Peyton
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Patrick Peyton
|
Patrick Peyton, CSC (January 9, 1909 – June 3, 1992), also known as "The rosary priest", was an Irish-born Catholic priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross, and founder of the Family Rosary Crusade. He popularized the phrases "The family that prays together stays together" and "A world at prayer is a world at peace".
Peyton staged massive Rosary rallies in key cities of the world and extensively utilized mass communication, helped by world-recognized celebrities of Hollywood at that time, promoting his ministry of binding families through prayer under the Family Rosary. Peyton was a popular and charismatic figure in Latin America and the Philippines, where he promoted the Rosary and was known for his strong Irish accent.
His cause for canonization was opened in 2001 and Pope Francis declared him venerable on December 18, 2017.
Biography
Early life
Peyton was born Patrick Joseph Peyton in Attymass, County Mayo, Ireland, to subsistence farmers John and Mary Gillard Peyton. Peyton was the sixth in a profoundly religious family of five girls and four boys living in a small cottage on a stony farmland near the foot of the Ox Mountains. Later on, some members of the family migrated to the United States.
Peyton was sent to his mother's relatives in Bonniconlon, County Mayo to study at a school run by Tadhg O’Leary in Bofield. As a young man, Peyton was rebellious and had moments of defying authority, resulting in dropping out of school. Despite the youthful rebellion, he remained close to his family and deeply religious.
By his teen years, he was contemplating a vocation to become a priest. Although religious recruiters such as the Capuchins and the Redemptorist fathers visited Carracastle in search of young men wanting to pursue the priesthood, Peyton concentrated on helping his family earn a living when their father became too ill to work the farm. Some of his elder sisters were already in America and sent remittances to help the family left in Ireland. In 1927, his sisters sent word that Patrick and his older brother Thomas could sail to the United States and join them in Scranton, Pennsylvania. On May 13, 1928, nineteen-year-old Patrick and his brother set sail.
America
The brothers arrived in New York after a 10-day trip, traveling by steerage. The two took the train from New York to Pennsylvania and lived at the home of their already married sister Beatrice, who was working as a housekeeper for Thomas J. Baldrige, the state Attorney General. Peyton's sister Nellie had already spoken to Monsignor Paul Kelly of Saint Peter's Cathedral and mentioned Peyton's interest in pursuing a priestly vocation. Monsignor Kelly told Nellie to bring her younger brother Patrick to the cathedral as soon as he arrived. By June 1928, with hard luck in finding a job, Peyton finally met Monsignor Kelly and was offered a position of becoming the cathedral's sexton. In the words of Peyton at that time, "a sexton was just another name for a janitor."
Peyton took the job with initial hesitation, but his daily presence at the cathedral brought back the calling for a vocation, and he finally decided to pursue the priesthood. Monsignor Kelly insisted that Peyton complete his high school education before admission to the novitiate. He and his older brother Thomas both pursued their religious vocations while working at the cathedral. During the spring of 1929, Father Pat Dolan of the Congregation of Holy Cross came to the cathedral in Scranton in search of new seminarians. Peyton and his brother Thomas entered the minor seminary of the Congregation of Holy Cross in Notre Dame, Indiana.
After completing their high school studies at the Holy Cross School in Notre Dame, Indiana, Peyton was admitted to the Moreau Seminary within the University of Notre Dame in 1932, where he pursued a Bachelor of Arts degree, and excelled in Philosophy. He credited Cornelius Hagerty, a professor of ethics, as the one who provided him with counseling. As a young seminarian, Peyton was attracted to become a Holy Cross Father for the order's focus on the Holy Family and towards obedience and conscience.
Marian devotion
In October 1938, during Peyton's second year of theology at Catholic University of America, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. He was transferred back to Notre Dame to the Infirmary. Father Cornelius Hagerty was influential in this stage of Peyton's life, encouraging the young seminarian to seek the Blessed Virgin Mary's help. The doctors discovered that the patches in his lungs disappeared.
He immediately packed his bags and left for Washington, D.C., to complete his theology studies and take his final vows. On June 15, 1941, Peyton and his brother Thomas were ordained at the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at the University of Notre Dame as members of the Congregation of Holy Cross.
Lifetime crusade
Peyton was given very light duties following the completion of his theological studies. His first assignment was in Albany, New York, as the chaplain of the Holy Cross Brothers of the Vincentian Institute. Peyton started sending letters to bishops, the Catholic laity, and other groups promoting the importance of families praying the Rosary as the war raged on.
Utilizing radio, films, outdoor advertising, and later television, with the help of celebrities, artists, and advertising practitioners, Peyton was one of the first pioneers of evangelism using mass media. He would also pioneer in conducting public rallies to bring families to pledge to pray the Rosary as a unit. These Rosary rallies attended by millions would become the most significant event where Peyton could be best remembered. According to historian Hugh Wilford, "Peyton himself was deeply conscious of the political dimension of his mission, proudly proclaiming in a 1946 radio broadcast, 'The rosary is the offensive weapon that will destroy Communism—the great evil that seeks to destroy the faith.'"
These Rosary Crusades were duplicated in different dioceses, with attendees growing in numbers. They took Peyton around the globe to locales including Brussels, Belgium, Madrid, Spain, Manila, Philippines, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Lima, Peru and Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. With the help of a non-Catholic advertising practitioner, Peyton would popularize the slogan, "The family that prays together stays together." During the Marian year of 1954, Peyton brought the Rosary Crusade to Ireland "...where it was estimated that as many as 445,000 people attended his rallies."
Death
With the Cold War threatening new world peace, Peyton's work in promoting prayer was recognized by the Holy See. His efforts earned him the title "The Rosary Priest."
Controversy hounded Peyton throughout his ministry as some accused him of being a front for American intelligence during his missions in Latin America. Peyton's Rosary Crusades in Latin America were funded and, to some extent, directed by the Central Intelligence Agency, which was interested in combating leftist political movements in Latin America. This came about through Peyton's connection to J. Peter Grace, the great-grandson of the founder of W.R. Grace and Company, a multinational corporation with interests in transport, sugar, and mining in South America. Peyton had met J. Peter Grace in 1946 on a trans-Atlantic voyage. Grace, who was involved with other CIA front operations as well, wrote to John Moore, the chair of the Business Advisory Council, and the two men approached Allen Dulles. Dulles later met with Grace in the White House office of Vice President Richard Nixon, who expressed enthusiasm. The CIA decided for several years where the crusades would take place. CIA funds were expended in Chile, Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia, until Peyton's provincial superior, Richard H. Sullivan, learned of the secret funding from Theodore Hesburgh, the chair of the board of trustees of the University of Notre Dame, in October 1964. It took the Vatican more than a year and a half to oblige Peyton to give up his CIA financing. While the CIA determined the Crusades' locations, it did not influence the content or Peyton's goal of promoting family prayer – the Rosary and devotion to the Blessed Mother.
Others accused Peyton of living a flashy lifestyle amongst Hollywood artists who volunteered their efforts to promote his mission. But Peyton maintained that he never solicited funds for his ministry, and the well-off were more than generous to voluntarily donate a portion of their wealth all in the name of the Blessed Mother.
Peyton died peacefully on June 3, 1992, holding a rosary in a small room at the Little Sisters of the Poor Jeanne Jugan Residence in San Pedro, California. His remains were brought to the Holy Cross Cemetery on the grounds of Stonehill College in Easton, Massachusetts.
Before Peyton died, he continued to work on what was to be the last major Rosary Rally. On December 8, 1992, at the Rizal Park in Manila, Philippines, Manila Archbishop Cardinal Jaime Sin led the celebrations for the Golden Jubilee Celebration of the Family Rosary Crusade; the Archbishop of Los Angeles, Cardinal Roger Mahony was sent as Papal Legate on behalf of Pope John Paul II. Among Filipino Catholics, Peyton is remembered for his Sunday televised shows, where he promoted the Rosary and Marian devotion along with his famous slogan. Peyton also encouraged many businesses to make and sell large amounts of Rosaries for distribution, which he gave freely to impoverished Filipinos living in the slums.
Legacy
Peyton's work continues today in his original ministries – Family Rosary, Family Theater, and Family Rosary International – and the Father Patrick Peyton Family Institute.
On October 9, 2020, Family Theater Productions released a biographical film about Peyton. Father David Guffey is the national director of Family Theater Productions and a member of the Holy Cross religious institute that Peyton belonged to. Guffey is the executive producer of the film, entitled Pray: The Story of Patrick Peyton.
Sainthood cause
Cardinal Seán Patrick O'Malley announced a formal declaration, opening the cause for beatifiation of Father Peyton on June 1, 2001, a few days after receiving approval from the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of the Saints. The declaration paved the way for the process of determining Peyton's holiness, and in the process earning the revered title of a Servant of God.
The Positio was sent to the C.C.S. in 2015 for assessment, and theologians approved his cause on June 1, 2017. Pope Francis named him as venerable on December 18, 2017.
References
Sources
.
.
.
.
.
.
"Fifty Golden Years of the Family Rosary Crusade in the Philippines (1951-2001)" written by Father James B. Reuter, SJ; Gennie Q. Jota; Dean M. Bernardo, edited by Stella J. Villegas 2001 Family Rosary Crusade Foundation, Inc. © 2001
Wilford, Hugh. The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2008.
External links
Father Patrick Peyton, CSC - Memorial Website
Museum of Mayo
Family Rosary
Family Theater Productions
Pray: The Story of Patrick Peyton
Father Peyton Memorial Center
Family Rosary Crusade - Philippines
1909 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests
20th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
Businesspeople from Scranton, Pennsylvania
Catholic Mariology
Catholic television
Congregation of Holy Cross
Evangelists
Irish anti-communists
Irish emigrants to the United States
Irish film producers
Irish radio producers
Irish television producers
Christian clergy from County Mayo
Roman Catholic writers
Television evangelists
University of Notre Dame people
Venerated Catholics by Pope Francis
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4781650
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redux%20Orchestra%20versus%20Einst%C3%BCrzende%20Neubauten
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Redux Orchestra versus Einstürzende Neubauten
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Redux Orchestra versus Einstürzende Neubauten is the fourth release of Einstürzende Neubauten's Musterhaus project, a series of highly experimental CD releases that were only available via an annual subscription through their website or from shows during their 25th Anniversary Tour. This project was separate from their Neubauten.org Supporter Project, which ran concurrently.
The Musterhaus release saw Redux Orchestra and Einstürzende Neubauten collaborating to create new re-arrangements of songs from Einstürzende Neubauten's previous releases.
Track listing
"Keine Schönheit ohne Gefahr" (from Fünf auf der nach oben offenen Richterskala) – 15:09
"Wüste" (from Tabula Rasa) – 7:59
"Installation No. 1" (from Ende Neu) – 10:14
"Negativ Nein" (from Kollaps) – 2:14
Notes
All compositions by BB, NU, AH, MC, FM except Negativ Nein (BB, NU, FM).
All lyrics by BB.
Redux Orchestra:
Ari Benjamin Meyers - keyboards, musical director
Max Loderbauer - keyboards, electronics
Bettina Matt - sax, flute
Max Hacker - sax, bass clarinet
Kathrin Wagner - sax
Paul Brody - trumpet, flugelhorn
Rob Gutowski - trombone, alphorn
Jan Tilmann Schade - cello
Meta Hüper - violin
Members of Einstürzende Neubauten:
Blixa Bargeld - vocals
Alexander Hacke - bass
N.U. Unruh - percussion
Jochen Arbeit - guitar
The concert has been recorded live at Club Redux V on November 9, 2005 in Watergate (Berlin, Germany)
All arrangements by Ari Benjamin Meyers
Produced by Ari Benjamin Meyers and Einstürzende Neubauten
Mixed by Macro Paschke
Mastered by Boris Wilsdorf
External links
Musterhaus Project website
Club Redux website
Ari Benjamin Meyers website
Einstürzende Neubauten albums
2006 albums
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4781651
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGBDF
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EGBDF
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EGBDF may refer to:
The notes on the lines of the treble clef and the mnemonic used by some music students to remember it, such as "Every Good Boy Deserves Fruit", with "Fruit" sometimes being replaced by "Favour", "Fudge", or "Football". A variant is also “Every Good Boy Dodo’s Frequently”.
A number of song and album names based on the above mnemonics:
Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (play), a play by Tom Stoppard
Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (album), by The Moody Blues
Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge, an album by Mudhoney
Music mnemonics
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4781684
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCderl%C3%BCgum
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Süderlügum
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Süderlügum (; Mooring North Frisian: Läigem or Sööderläigem; Wiedingharde North Frisian: Leegem) is a municipality in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated near the border with Denmark, approximately 35 km west of Flensburg, and 7 km southeast of Tønder.
Süderlügum is part of the amt (collective municipality) of Südtondern.
Transportation
Süderlügum lies on the Marsh Railway and offers connections to Niebüll and Tondern.
References
Nordfriesland
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4781706
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B6l
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Viöl
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Viöl (; , North Frisian: Fjåål) is a municipality in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated approximately 12 km northeast of Husum, and 30 km southwest of Flensburg.
Viöl is the seat of the Amt of (collective municipality) Viöl.
A variety of South Jutlandic was spoken there until 1937, called "Fjoldedansk".
References
Nordfriesland
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4781711
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit%20Public%20Schools
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Summit Public Schools
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The Summit Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district that serves students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade from Summit, in Union County, New Jersey, United States.
As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of nine schools, had an enrollment of 3,961 students and 349.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.3:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
In 2019 Niche.com ranked the Summit school district as 6 out of 383 safest and 2 out of 249 in best athletics in regards to New Jersey school districts.
Schools
Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Preschools
Jefferson Primary Center (128 students; in grades PreK-K)
Evan Kozak, principal
Wilson Primary Center (138; PreK-K)
Evan Kozak, principal
Elementary schools
Brayton School (340; 1-5)
Dr. Cheryl Moretz, principal
Franklin School (336; 1-5)
Janice Tierney, principal
Jefferson School (227; 1-5)
Dr. Joseph Cordero, principal
Lincoln-Hubbard School (314; 1-5)
Matthew Carlin, principal
Washington School (346; 1-5)
Dr. Lauren Banker, principal
Middle school
Lawton C. Johnson Summit Middle School (942; 6-8)
John Ciferni, principal
Laura Muller, assistant principal
Jenna Colineri, assistant principal
High school
Summit High School (1,169; 9-12)
Stacy Grimaldi, principal
Elizabeth Aaron, assistant principal
Brian Murtagh, assistant principal
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Scott Hough, superintendent
Derek Jess, business administrator and board secretary
Board of education
The district's board of education is comprised of seven members who set policy and oversee the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type I school district, the board's trustees are appointed by the mayor to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either two or three members up for reappointment each year. Of the more than 600 school districts statewide, Summit is one of 15 districts with appointed school boards. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the day-to-day operation of the district.
References
External links
Summit Public Schools Website
Data for the Summit Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics
Sports information
New Jersey District Factor Group I
School districts in Union County, New Jersey
Summit, New Jersey
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4781717
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20Nistor
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Ion Nistor
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Ion I. Nistor (August 16, 1876 – November 11, 1962) was a Romanian historian and politician. He was a titular member of the Romanian Academy from 1915 and a professor at the universities of Cernăuți and Bucharest, while also serving as Minister of State for Bukovina, Minister of Public Works, Minister of Labor, and Minister of Religious Affairs and the Arts with a number of governments from 1918 to 1940.
Biography
Early life and education
Nistor was born into a family of peasants in the Bivolărie hamlet of Vicovu de Sus, Bukovina; in Austria-Hungary at the time, it is now included in Suceava County, Romania. He studied at the local school in Vicovu de Sus, then in Rădăuți, first at the elementary school and then at the German High School, getting his Matura in 1897.
He then studied Philosophy and Literature at the University of Czernowitz and between 1898 and 1900, he completed his military service in the Austro-Hungarian Army, serving in Polei and in Vienna. He graduated from the University in 1902, after which he was named teacher of history and geography at the Suceava Classic High school. Together with some of his friends, Nistor edited a magazine titled Junimea Literară between 1904 and 1914, first published in Rădăuți and then in Suceava.
In 1904, Nistor married Virginia Pauliuc, daughter of Gheorghe Pauliuc, a Romanian Orthodox priest from Burla; one year later, on July 5, 1905, Oltea, his only child, was born. He then moved to teach at the Orthodox High School, making use of the institution's library, better suited to his studies into the history of Moldavia.
In 1908–1909 and 1910–1911, he studied at the University of Vienna and completed his Ph.D. under Konstantin Josef Jireček, with a thesis on Moldavia's aspirations regarding Pokuttya. After that, he furthered his studies at the Universities of Munich, Leipzig, and Berlin, receiving in 1911 his Docent title and the Venia legendi; this allowed him to teach at the University of Vienna, where he gave lectures on the history of the Romanians.
Career
A year later, in 1912, Nistor moved to Czernowitz, to hold the chair of Southeastern European history, but after the start of World War I, he moved to the Romanian Old Kingdom, where he published various studies on the history of Bukovina. He was elected a member of the Romanian Academy in 1915. He also authored an ethnographic map of Bukovina under Austrian domination (see Cisleithania), based on the census of 1910.
Living in Iași by the time Romania entered the war on the Entente side, Nistor left Romania at the climax of the Romanian Campaign, when troops of the Central Powers threatened the region. In July 1917, he moved to Odessa, in territory held by the Russian Provisional Government, and began teaching Romanian history to the (mostly Bessarabian) students at the University of Novorossiya. He interrupted the course in November 1917, after a group of armed Russian revolutionaries broke into the University building. Nistor was, however, safely escorted outside by some of the Bessarabian soldiers who were part of his audience.
In February 1918, together with other Austro-Hungarian refugees (including Octavian Goga), Nistor departed for Ovidiopol, Cetatea Albă, and then finally reached Chișinău. He stayed in the city, where he argued for the founding of a Moldavian University, and soon began lecturing on the History of the Romanians. He used the data gathered from the Chișinău Archives to write the History of Bessarabia, published in 1923. Nistor also witnessed the Sfatul Țării session which voted the union with Romania.
After the war ended, he returned to his native Bukovina and was one of the members of the National Assembly of Bukovina in Cernăuți who voted for the union with Romania on November 28, 1918. Nistor was also one of the fifteen Bukovinians who presented the Union Act to Romania's King Ferdinand I.
Nistor presided upon the Democratic Union Party, which had a centralist agenda. Between December 18, 1918 and May 2, 1919, he was a member of Greater Romania's Ion I. C. Brătianu government, as a Minister for Bukovina, and, between February 14 and February 27, also held the rank of minister for Bessarabia, while the nominal minister was delegated to the Paris Peace Conference. Between May 1920 and January 1922, Nistor was a Senator in the Parliament of Romania.
In the interwar period, Nistor wrote many historical works, including The Origin of Romanians and the Vlachs of Thessalia and Epirus and The History of Romanians in Transnistria (1925). He was also the director of the historical magazine Codrii Cosminului, which was published between 1924 and 1939.
Elected rector of the University of Cernăuți in 1920, serving as such until 1921, and again from 1933 to 1940. Also in 1920, he joined the National Liberal Party (PNL), and was again the Minister of State for Bukovina in the Sixth Ion I. C. Brătianu cabinet (1922–1926), Minister of Public Works in the Vintilă I. C. Brătianu cabinet (1927–1928), Minister of State and then Labour in the First Tătărăscu cabinet (1934), and Minister of Labour in the Second Tătărăscu cabinet (1934–1935). In 1938, he broke with the PNL and sided with the National Renaissance Front regime established by King Carol II, and was Minister of Religious Affairs and the Arts in the Fifth Tătărăscu cabinet (November 24, 1939 – May 10, 1940).
Starting October 1940, under the National Legionary State, Nistor taught at the University of Bucharest, becoming the target of Iron Guard persecutions for the support he had given to King Carol. Following the Guard's defeat during the Legionnaires' Rebellion of 1941, he sent a congratulatory telegram to Conducător Ion Antonescu. He was pensioned in the same year, and, starting 1943, he was in charge of the Library of the Romanian Academy. Nistor kept the latter office until after the establishment of the Communist regime, when the purge of anti-communists in the Academy began (1948).
Last years
His house was nationalized, and Nistor had to live in the attic of his daughter's house, which was also nationalized. On the night of May 5/6, 1950, Nistor was arrested for political reasons by the Securitate, and was incarcerated in the notorious Sighet Prison. For several months, he shared a cell with Gheorghe Cipăianu, Dumitru Caracostea, general Ioan Mihail Racoviță, , Mihail Priboianu, , , general Ioan Popovici, Gheorghe Tașcă, and Ion Pelivan. Originally sentenced to 24 months in prison, his sentence was subsequently raised to 60 months.
He was freed five years and two months later. After that, he continued writing, completing his works, History of Bukovina and The History of Romanians. Nistor died in Bucharest in November 1962. Some 300 people, mostly Bukovinians and ex-members of the Liberal Party, came to pay respects at his funeral; the religious ceremony was officiated by , previously the metropolitan bishop of Oltenia.
Legacy
There are streets in Bucharest (Sector 3), Chișinău, Iași, Rădăuți, and Suceava that are named after Nistor. In his native town, Vicovu de Sus, there is a technological high school named after him, as well as a bust of him, which was unveiled in 2002.
Notes
References
Paul E. Michelson, "Ion I. Nistor in Romanian Politics, Scholarship, and Culture, 1919–1933", in Codrul Cosminului, XVII, 2011, nr. 1, p. 117-148
, "Ion Nistor, un istoric pentru eternitatea românilor de pretutindeni", foreword of Ion Nistor, Istoria Basarabiei, Humanitas, 1991.
Ioan Scurtu, "PNL și PNȚ: Rezerve, nemulțumiri, proteste. Partidele istorice sub guvernarea antonesciano-legionară", in Dosarele Istoriei, 9/2000
20th-century Romanian historians
Titular members of the Romanian Academy
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Romania
National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
Leaders of political parties in Romania
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Members of the Senate of Romania
History of Bukovina
People from Suceava County
Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Romanian Ministers of Culture
Romanian Ministers of Public Works
Romanian Ministers of Labor
Rectors of King Carol I University
Academic staff of the University of Bucharest
Academic staff of Chernivtsi University
Chernivtsi University alumni
Leipzig University alumni
University of Vienna alumni
Inmates of Sighet prison
1876 births
1962 deaths
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4781724
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family%20Rosary%20Crusade
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Family Rosary Crusade
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Family Rosary Crusade is a worldwide campaign that eventually became a Catholic movement, which was founded by Patrick Peyton, an Irish-American priest who is being considered for sainthood by the Vatican. The endeavor came to be a personal mission to undertake the promotion of the praying of the Rosary by families as a means to unite them.
The campaign's objective is to promote the praying of the Rosary by families. Peyton believed that together as a family, in unison praying the Rosary, the family is united before Christ and drawn closer to God.
History
Patrick Peyton was born to an Irish Catholic family, at a time of hardships in the early years of the 20th century. His family were staunchly Catholic farmers, who prayed the Rosary together as a regular practice. As a child, Peyton had inclinations to pursue a vocation as a priest. Due to poverty and the need to help his family earn a living, that pursuit did not bear fruit until he was already in his twenties as an immigrant in the United States.
Peyton entered Moreau Seminary at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. In 1941 he learned that he had tuberculosis. He immersed himself in meditation while praying the Rosary. A few months later, doctors discovered that the tuberculosis had disappeared. Peyton attributed his cure to the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Peyton was passionate over the spiritual welfare of families, especially those living in squalor who were affected by the Great Depression.
Lifelong work
Upon receiving his first assignment as a newly ordained priest in 1941, Father Peyton was assigned as a chaplain for a school managed by the Congregation of Holy Cross in Albany, New York. As a school chaplain in New York, Father Peyton lived a modest life and in his bedroom cell was a small bed, a study table and a painting of the Madonna and Child by Spanish painter Bartolomé Esteban Murillo. Peyton was drawn to the painting, which would serve as the main image of the Virgin Mary for the entirety of his Family Rosary Crusade efforts. The Murillo painting was first used as the cover for a pamphlet called "The Story of the Rosary".
Father Peyton discovered his mission in 1942 while reading about the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Soldiers of Lepanto, with no hope of winning the war against the Moors, knelt and prayed the Rosary before a perceived losing battle. The Moors were defeated and pushed back. This incident, attributed to the intercession of the Blessed Mother, would serve as the preliminary foundations of establishing the crusade of prayer.
Peyton began writing to bishops, priests and Catholic lay organizations about the importance of families praying the Rosary. With the help of the Holy Cross Sisters in Albany and a friend, Father Francis Woods, Peyton began his appeals to promote the praying of the Rosary for all families.
Evangelization through mass media
Radio
In October 1943, in order to reach a wider audience, Peyton arranged for fifteen minutes of air time for families to pray the Rosary on a local radio station in Albany, WABY. In 1945, the Mutual Broadcasting System, the largest radio network in the United States at that time, made available a half-hour to broadcast the Rosary. This was dubbed by Father Peyton as "the opportunity of a lifetime". Mutual's owner Ed Kobak set certain requirements in order for Father Peyton to make his broadcast:
Invite the most famous, loved and revered family to pray the Rosary;
Ask the most famous Hollywood stars to join them;
Have the most influential people in the US Church speak; and
Choose the most fitting day to have the majority of Americans listening eagerly to a religious broadcast.
On May 13, 1945, Mother's Day, Peyton's program debuted on nationwide radio on Mutual Broadcasting System from its studios in Broadway. The radio broadcast featured the Sullivan family of Iowa who had lost five sons in the Second World War to lead the praying of the Rosary, followed by a live endorsement from crooner Bing Crosby, patched from Mutual's Los Angeles radio station.
Peyton promoted his mission by sending letters and distributing free Rosary beads and prayer pamphlets. He continued to promote the mission using radio but network executives at Mutual wanted to air programs of Father Peyton with more than just the praying of the Rosary. The example set by Bing Crosby could be repeated with other Hollywood stars pitching the call for families praying the Rosary. Father Peyton journeyed to Los Angeles to recruit stars to volunteer to help promote his cause. In his first trip to California, actress Jane Wyatt would serve as his contact for other celebrities; they become lifelong friends.
Family Theater
With the help of Hollywood personalities, Peyton began to produce from Hollywood, family values-oriented radio dramas for Mutual under the banner of "Family Theater of the Air". The first broadcast was made on February 13, 1947, with guest artists Loretta Young, James Stewart (who was not a Catholic) and Don Ameche.
Others who also lent their talents were: Pat O'Brien, Grace Kelly, James Cagney, Bob Hope, Irene Dunne, Gregory Peck, Lucille Ball, Henry Fonda, Rosalind Russell, Jack Benny, Raymond Burr, Barbara Stanwyck, Margaret O'Brien, Helen Hayes, Natalie Wood, Maureen O'Hara, Jane Wyatt, Ronald Reagan, William Shatner, James Dean and Shirley Temple.
The Family Theater radio programs continued to air until 1969. The program gave rise to the establishment of Family Theater Productions, which opened offices in Hollywood with the mission of developing Christian family values film, radio, television programs and billboards.
Outdoor advertising
A young ad executive and copywriter, Al Scalpone, donated his services to Family Theater in 1947 and wrote the now famous slogan, "The Family That Prays Together Stays Together" as well as "A World at Prayer is a World at Peace" for the radio series. They became the mottos for Father Peyton and his organization. Scalpone, who eventually became a vice president for CBS-TV, volunteered with Family Theater Productions for 40 years.
In 1947, a Los Angeles outdoor advertising company representative was taken by the slogan, "The Family That Prays Together Stays Together", he heard on the Family Theater radio series. The company offered to put the slogan on vacant billboards as a public service. The idea caught on with other advertising companies. Over the years messages included "Troubled? Try Prayer!", "Don’t Give Up! Pray. It Works!", "God Makes House Calls", and "God Listens" each one followed by "The Family That Prays Together Stays Together".
These messages have appeared on more than 100,000 billboards throughout the country, courtesy of outdoor advertising associations and companies, and have been seen more than 400 million times, according to outdoor advertising associations’ estimates. The campaign continues today with three new, contemporary posters designed in 2001, which have received a record number of orders from billboard companies.
Rosary rallies
In 1947, the Diocese of London, Ontario, pioneered the diocesan crusades. The Diocesan Family Rosary Crusade started in Canada with the gathering of pledges from families to commit to the daily prayer of the Rosary as a family unit. The first large-scale Rosary rally was in Saskatchewan, Canada, at the Shrine of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, then under the authority of the Benedictines of St. Peter's Abbey, and with the participation of the Bishops of Saskatchewan, where 12,000 attended the rally on September 26, 1948.
In Manila in the Philippines, a million people came together to pray the Rosary. There were also large rallies in Bogotá, Bombay, Johannesburg, Madrid, New York City, San Francisco and Nairobi. Starting in 1959, Peyton's activities in Latin America were subsidized in part by the CIA, which saw them as an effective counter to communism. The funding continued until the Vatican was made aware of it and directed Peyton to stop accepting the money.
In 1987, Pope John Paul II said, "May the Rosary once more become the accustomed prayer of ... the Christian family." Though there are no Rosary rallies on the scale that Father Peyton had during his lifetime, groups all over the world conduct smaller rosary rallies.
Holy Cross Family Ministries
After Father Peyton died in 1992, the Congregation of Holy Cross re-organized all component units founded by the Family Rosary Crusade under an umbrella ministry, Holy Cross Family Ministries, which remains committed to the original cause of Father Peyton, to promote and support the spiritual well-being of the family.
Family Rosary and Family Rosary International encourage family prayer, especially the Rosary.
Family Theater Productions directs its efforts to the evangelization of culture using mass media to entertain, inspire and educate families.
The Father Peyton Family Institute focuses on research and education in family life ministry and the relationship of spirituality to family.
Holy Cross Family Ministries is based in North Easton, Massachusetts.
References
Sources
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.
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.
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"Fifty Golden Years of the Family Rosary Crusade in the Philippines (1951–2001)" written by Father James B. Reuter, SJ; Gennie Q. Jota; Dean M. Bernardo, edited by Stella J. Villegas 2001 Family Rosary Crusade Foundation, Inc. © 2001
External links
Family Rosary
Museum of Mayo
Family Theater Productions
Father Peyton Memorial Center
Catholic Church in North America
Catholic Mariology
Catholic television
Congregation of Holy Cross
Catholic Church in the Philippines
Christian mass media companies
Christian organizations established in 1947
Film production companies of the United States
Television production companies of the United States
Radio production companies
1947 establishments in New York (state)
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4781733
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts%2C%20dukes%20and%20grand%20dukes%20of%20Oldenburg
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Counts, dukes and grand dukes of Oldenburg
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This is a list of the counts, dukes, grand dukes, and prime ministers of Oldenburg.
Counts of Oldenburg
1088/1101–1108 Elimar I
1108–1143 Elimar II
1143–1168 Christian I the Quarrelsome
1168–1211 Maurice I
1209–1251 Otto I, joint rule with Christian II and later with John I
1211–1233 Christian II
1233–1272 John I
1272–1278 Christian III
1272–1301 Otto II, Count of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst
1278–1305 John II
1302–1323 Christian IV
1305–1345 John III
1331–1356 John IV
1345–1368 Conrad I
1368–1386 Conrad II
1386–1420 Maurice II
1368–1398 Christian V
1398–1423 Christian VI
1423–1440 Dietrich the Lucky
1440–1448 Christian VII
1448–1483 Gerhard VI "the Quarrelsome"
1483–1500 Adolph, Count of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst
1500–1526 John V
1526–1529 John VI, joint rule with his brothers George, Christopher and Anthony I, forced to resign in 1529
1526–1529 George, joint rule with his brothers John VI, Christopher and Anthony I, forced to resign in 1529
1526–1566 Christopher, joint rule with his brothers John VI, George and Anthony I
1526–1573 Anthony I, joint rule with his brothers John VI, George and Christopher
1573–1603 John VII
1573–1619 Anthony II, Count of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst
1603–1667 Anthony Günther
1667–1670 Frederick I, in personal union as Frederick III King of Denmark-Norway
1670–1699 Christian VIII, in personal union as Christian V King of Denmark-Norway
1699–1730 Frederick II, in personal union as Frederick IV King of Denmark-Norway
1730–1746 Christian IX, in personal union as Christian VI King of Denmark-Norway
1746–1766 Frederick III, in personal union as Frederick V King of Denmark-Norway
1766–1773 Christian X, in personal union as Christian VII King of Denmark-Norway, ceded the county to the Holstein-Gottorp line
1773 Paul I, ceded the county to his cousin of the Holstein-Gottorp line
1773–1774 Frederick Augustus I (elevated to Duke in 1774), in personal union Prince-Bishop of Lübeck
Dukes of Oldenburg
| Frederick Augustus I1774–6 July 1785
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| 20 September 1711Gottorp, Schleswigson of Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp and Albertina Frederica
| Ulrike Friederike Wilhelmine of Hesse-KasselKassel21 November 1752 three children
| 6 July 1785Oldenburgaged 73
|-
| William, Duke of Oldenburg1785–1810
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| 3 January 1754Eutinson of Frederick August I and Ulrike
| Never married
| 2 July 1823Schloss Plönaged 69
|}
To France in 1810–1813
| William, Duke of Oldenburg1813–2 July 1823
|
| 3 January 1754Eutinson of Frederick Augustus I and Ulrike
| Never married
| 2 July 1823Schloss Plönaged 69
|-
Grand Dukes of Oldenburg
|Peter I1823–21 May 1829
|
| 17 January 1755Rastedenephew of Frederick Augustus I and cousin of William
| Frederica of Württemberg 6 June 1781two children
| 21 May 1829Oldenburgaged 74
|-
| Augustus I1829–27 February 1853
|
| 13 July 1783Rastedeson of Peter I and Friederike
| Adelheid of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym24 July 1817two children Ida of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym24 June 1825one childCecilia of Sweden 5 May 1831three children
| 27 February 1853Oldenburgaged 69
|-
| Peter II1853–13 June 1900
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| 8 July 1827Oldenburgson of Augustus I and Ida
| Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg 10 February 1852two children
| 13 June 1900Rastedeaged 72
|-
| Frederick Augustus II 1900–11 November 1918
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| 16 November 1852Oldenburgson of Peter II and Elisabeth
| Elisabeth Anna of Prussia 18 February 1878two children Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 24 October 1896 5 children
| 24 February 1931Rastedeaged 78
|}
Full style
Grand Duke of Oldenburg, Heir in Norway, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarshes & Oldenburg, Prince of Lübeck and Birkenfeld, Lord of Jever and Kniphausen
Prime ministers of the Republic of Oldenburg
1918–1919 Bernhard Kuhnt (USPD)
1919–1923 Theodor Tantzen (DDP)
1923–1930 Eugen von Finckh (no party)
1930–1932 Friedrich Cassebohm
1932–1933 Carl Röver (NSDAP)
1933–1945 Georg Joel (NSDAP)
1945–1946 Theodor Tantzen (FDP)
''To Lower Saxony in 1946
See also
List of consorts of Oldenburg
References
External links
The House of Oldenburg
Oldenburg
Oldenburg
Oldenburg (state)
Lists of German nobility
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4781754
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBK
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EBK
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EBK may refer to
DJ EBK (born 1978), British musician
Eastbrook railway station, in Wales
Eastern Bontoc language
Ecobank Kenya
École Belge de Kigali, a Belgian school in Rwanda
Einstein–Brillouin–Keller method
Ertebølle culture, a Mesolithic culture of Europe
Esbo Bollklubb, a Finnish football club
Swiss Federal Banking Commission
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4781761
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities%20in%20Greece
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Minorities in Greece
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Minorities in Greece are small in size compared to Balkan regional standards, and the country is largely ethnically homogeneous. This is mainly due to the population exchanges between Greece and neighboring Turkey (Convention of Lausanne) and Bulgaria (Treaty of Neuilly), which removed most Muslims (with the exception of the Muslims of Western Thrace) and those Christian Slavs who did not identify as Greeks from Greek territory. The treaty also provided for the resettlement of ethnic Greeks from those countries, later to be followed by refugees. There is no official information for the size of the ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities because asking the population questions pertaining to the topic have been abolished since 1951.
The main officially recognized "minority" (μειονότητα, meionótita) is the Muslim minority (μουσουλμανική μειονότητα, mousoulmanikí meionótita) in Thrace, Northern Greece, which numbered 120,000 according to the 2001 census and mainly consists of Western Thrace Turks, Pomaks (both mainly inhabiting Western Thrace), and also Romani, found particularly in central and Northern Greece. Other recognized minority groups are the Armenians numbering approximately 35,000, and the Jews (Sephardim and Romaniotes) numbering approximately 5,500.
Religious minorities
The Greek constitution defines the Eastern Orthodox Church as the "prevailing religion" in Greece, and over 95% of the population claim membership in it. Any other religion not explicitly defined by law (e.g. unlike Islam and Judaism, which are explicitly recognized) may acquire the status of a "known religion", a status which allows the religion's adherents to worship freely, and to have constitutional recognition. After a court ruling, the criteria for acquiring the status of a "known religion" were defined as being a "religion or a dogma whose doctrine is open and not secret, is taught publicly and its rites of worship are also open to the public, irrespective of whether its adherents have religious authorities; such a religion or dogma needs not to be recognized or approved by an act of the State or Church". This covers most religious minorities such as Roman Catholics, Evangelicals, Pentecostals, Seventh-day Adventists, Methodists, and Jehovah's Witnesses. All known religions to be considered by the Greek state legal entities under private law must establish an association, foundation, or charitable fund-raising committee pursuant to the Civil Code. The Roman Catholic Church refuses to be considered a legal person under private or public law and has requested recognition by its own canon law. In July 1999, following a parliamentary amendment, the legal entity status of all institutions of the Roman Catholic Church established before 1946 was reconfirmed. There is no formal mechanism that exists to gain recognition as a "known religion". There are also around two thousand Greeks who adhere to a reconstruction of the ancient Greek Religion. A place of worship has been recognized as such by court.
Muslim
There is a Muslim minority who are Greek citizens living in Thrace, concentrated in the Rhodope and Xanthi regional units. According to the 1991 census, there were 98,000 Muslims in western Thrace, 50% of them of Turkish ethnic origin, with 35% Pomaks and the remaining 15% Roma. Other sources estimate the size of the Muslim minority at 0.95% of the population, or approximately 110,000. Aside from the indigenous Muslim minority in Greece, the Muslim immigrant population in the rest of the country was estimated at 200,000 to 300,000, though these are recent migrants and generally not considered a minority. Under Greek administration, the Muslim minority of Greece has adopted a moderate, non-political form of Islam. The Lausanne Treaty and as a result the Greek government define the rights of the Muslim communities in Western Thrace, both Turkish and Pomak, on the basis of religion instead of ethnicity.
Turks
A Turkish community currently lives in Western Thrace, in the north-eastern part of Greece. According to the 1991 census, there were approximately 50,000 Turks, out of the approximately 98,000 Muslim minority of Greece Other sources estimate the size of the minority between 120,000 and 130,000. The Turks of Thrace descend from Turkish populations living in the area during the Ottoman period. Like the Greeks of Istanbul, they were exempted from the 1923 population exchange; in contrast, Greek Muslims in Macedonia were not exempt from the exchange and so expatriated to Turkey.
The Greek government continues to deliver Turkish-language public education, and there are two Islamic theological seminaries, one in Komotini and one in Echinos. The Turkish community of Greece enjoys full equality under the law, adopting Turkish names, publishing numerous Turkish-language newspapers, operating Turkish-language radio stations, converse freely in Turkish and use Turkish in Greek courts. They are allowed to maintain their own Turkish-language schools, which catered to about 8,000 students in the 1999-2000 school year. Since 1920, members of the Turkish minority participate in elections, electing representatives to Parliament. The great majority of Turkic Muslims in Thrace espouse moderate political views and are ready to work and prosper as citizens of the Greek state, with the exception of a relatively small group of ethnocentric activists.
In 1922, Turks owned 84% of the land in Western Thrace, but now the minority estimates this figure to be 20–40%. This stems from various practices of the Greek administration whereby ethnic Greeks are encouraged to purchase Turkish land with soft loans granted by the state. The Greek government refers to the Turkish community as Greek Muslims or Hellenic Muslims, and does not recognise a Turkish minority in Western Thrace. Greek courts have also outlawed the use of the word 'Turkish' to describe the Turkish community. In 1988, the Greek High Court affirmed a 1986 decision of the Court of Appeals of Thrace in which the Union of Turkish Associations of Western Thrace was ordered closed. The court held that the use of the word 'Turkish' referred to citizens of Turkey, and could not be used to describe citizens of Greece; the use of the word 'Turkish' to describe 'Greek Muslims' was held to endanger public order. Greece continued this stance in the beginning 21st century when Greek courts ruled to dissolve or prohibit formation of Turkish associations.
Apart from Thrace, a small minority of Turks exists in the Dodecanese islands of Rhodes and Kos. They were not included in the 1923 population exchange as the Dodecanese were annexed from Italy in 1947 after World War II. After annexation of islands, their Muslim inhabitants, Greek and Turkish speakers, were granted Greek citizenship. Today, about 5,000 Turks live in the Dodecanese islands of Rhodes (numbering 3,000) and Kos (numbering 2,000) and use Turkish in everyday life. In Rhodes and Kos, the teaching of the Turkish language was de facto abolished in the early 1970s.
Pomaks
The Muslim Bulgarian-speaking minority are known as Pomaks (, Pomakoi, , Pomatsi). They reside mainly in villages in the Rhodope Mountains in Thrace, in Evros, Xanthi and Rhodope regional units of Greece. According to the 2001 Greek census it is estimated that in total there are 36,000 Pomaks, of whom 23,000 live in Xanthi regional unit, 11,000 live in Rhodope regional unit and 2,000 live in Evros regional unit.
The language they speak is generally classified as a dialect of Bulgarian, and more specifically is the "Central Rhodope dialect" or Smolyan dialect. Despite their mother language, many Pomaks also self-identify as Turks This Turkification has a number of reasons, including the fact that Turks and Pomaks were part of the same millet during the years when their homeland was part of the Ottoman Empire.
Under Greek law, the Muslim minority (including the Pomaks) has a right to education in its own language. In practice however, only Turkish is used. This is due to the Turkish self-identification of the Pomaks, and the fact that this trend was promoted until recently by the Greek authorities (who from 1968 until the 1980s even officially recognized the Pomaks as Turks) in order to distance them from the Bulgarians. There have been Greek-Pomak dictionaries published and a language primer in the Bulgarian language (in Greek script) has been published for use in Pomak schools. Recently, news have begun to be broadcast in the native language of the Pomaks.
Most Pomaks are fluent in their Pomak dialects (spoken amongst themselves), Turkish (their language of education, and the main language of the Muslim minority), Greek (the official language of the Greek state), and may know some Arabic (the language of the Qur'an).
Other minorities
Armenians
There are approximately 35,000 Armenians in Greece out of which approximately 20,000 can speak the Armenian language. The community's main political representative is the Armenian National Committee of Greece; its headquarters are in Athens with branches all over Greece. The community also manages its own educational institutions. Approximately 95% of Armenians in Greece are Armenian Orthodox, with the rest being Armenian Catholics or Evangelicals. Some of these Armenians belong to the Church of Greece, they are called Hayhurum.
Jews
Population of Thessaloniki
The interaction between Greece and the Jews dates back to ancient times. Alexander the Great reached ancient Judea and was welcomed by the Jews. Following his death, war erupted between the Hellenized Jews and Greeks and the Jewish conservative Maccabees that embittered relations between Greeks and Jews for centuries.
During the Ottoman Empire, Jews like all other non-Muslims had a degree of autonomy under the Millet system which classified populations according to religion rather than ethnicity or language. Thessaloniki in particular had a large Jewish population, mostly consisting of Sephardim who settled in Ottoman lands after the 1492 expulsion of the Jews from Spain. Sephardim used to speak Ladino until well into the 20th century. The Romaniotes, on the other hand, are Jews who lived in the territory of today's Greece and neighboring areas for more than 2,000 years. Their language is Greek (and a Greek dialect called Yevanic language); they derive their name from the Byzantine name for the Greeks, "Rhomaioi".
Since independence in 1821, Greece continued to have a significant and active Jewish community with a long and rich cultural heritage.
The Jewish population of Greece increased markedly after the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) when Thessaloniki became part of the Greek kingdom, though the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey diluted the Jewish population of Thessaloniki.
During the Holocaust, 86% of Greek Jews, especially those in the areas occupied by Nazi Germany and Bulgaria, were killed, despite efforts by the Greek Orthodox Church hierarchy, the EAM resistance movement and individual Greeks (both Christian and Communist) to shelter Jews. These efforts were particularly notable in Zakynthos, where not a single local Jew was killed in the Holocaust.
Ethnic Macedonians
The Greek government does not officially recognize an ethnic Macedonian minority of Slavic origin in Greece. Nevertheless, the Greek Helsinki Monitor issued a report in September 1999, which claimed that about 10,000–30,000 ethnic Macedonians live in Greece, but because of the absence of an official census it is impossible to determine the exact number. A political party called "Rainbow" promotes this line and claims minority rights of what they describe as the "Macedonian minority in Greece". In the 2014 European Parliament election, Rainbow tallied a countrywide total of 5,759 votes, or 0.1% percentage. However, 2.5 million ethnic Greeks identify as Macedonian, unrelated to the Slavic people who are associated with the Republic of North Macedonia.
In 2008 a United Nations independent expert on minority issues, Gay McDougall, personally visited Greece to check the current situation regarding the minorities. As the report published on the UN Human Rights Council web site says: "The Independent Expert met numerous individuals identifying as ethnic Macedonian." Moreover, she urges: "the Government of Greece to withdraw from the dispute over whether there is a Macedonian or a Turkish minority in Greece and focus on protecting the rights to self-identification, freedom of expression and freedom of association of those communities."
Linguistic and cultural communities
In addition to the above minorities, there are various ethnolinguistic communities in Greece with a distinct identity and language, but whose members largely identify ethnically as Greeks and do not consider themselves a "minority".
Albanian-speaking
Albanian economic migrants are not to be confused with the Greek Orthodox Arvanites, a group who traditionally speak a form of Tosk Albanian in addition to Greek and self-identify as Greeks, having played a significant role in the Greek War of Independence and Greek culture in general.
The Chams were an ethnic Albanian community that formerly inhabited the area of Thesprotia, part of the Greek region of Epirus. Most of them were expelled into Albania through government-supported ethnic cleansing at the end of World War II.
There are other Albanian speaking communities found across other regions of Greece. In the Florina region Albanian speakers can be found in the villages of Flampouro, Drosopigi, Idroussa and Tripotamos. Furthermore, an estimated 39 mainly or partly Albanian-speaking villages can be found in Western Thrace and Central Macedonia.
After 1991, with the collapse of communism in Albania, a huge number of Albanian immigrants live and work in Greece. In the 2001 census, 274,390 ethnic Albanians are reported residing in Greece, mostly economic migrants. Albanians constitute 63.7% of the total documented migrant population in Greece, followed by Bulgarians, Georgians, Romanians, Russians, and Ukrainians.
Romance-speakers
Aromanians
In Greece, the Aromanians are called Vlachs (, /'Vlaçi/). There are numerous festivals celebrating Aromanian culture all over Greece. Their language, Aromanian (known in Greek as τα βλάχικα /'vlaçika/), is in danger of extinction and mostly spoken by the elderly. There are, however, small numbers of Aromanians in Greece who call for greater recognition of the Aromanian language, such as Sotiris Bletsas. It is hypothesized that these Vlachs originated from the Roman colonisation of the Balkans and are the descendants of Latinised native peoples and Roman legionaries who had settled in the Balkans. German researcher Thede Kahl claims to have also documented some cases of assimilation of the Aromanian population in regions which are now largely Greek-speaking. The Panhellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs has publicly stated that they do not want Aromanian recognized as a minority language nor do they want it inserted into the education system, and the same organization also protested when Thede Kahl discussed in a paper whether they could be designated a "minority".
Megleno-Romanians
Megleno-Romanians are concentrated in the Moglena region of Greek Macedonia. They speak the Megleno-Romanian language which is known as Vlăhește by its speakers. An estimated 4,000 speakers can be found in the region spanning the Pella and Kilkis regional units of Central Macedonia. The largest Megleno-Romanian settlement is Notia.
Romani
The history of Romani in Greece goes back over 600 years to the 15th century. The name Gypsy sometimes used for the Romani people was first given to them by the Greeks who supposed them to be Egyptian in origin. Due to their nomadic nature, they are not concentrated in a specific geographical area but are dispersed all over the country. The majority of the Greek Romani are Orthodox Christians who speak the Vlachoura-Roma language in addition to Greek. Most of the Romani who live in Western Thrace are Muslims and speak a dialect of the same language.
The Romani in Greece live scattered through the whole territory of the country, but with larger concentration in the bigger cities (mainly Athens and Thessalonica). Notable centres of Romani life in Greece are Agia Varvara, which has a very successful Romani community, and Ano Liosia, where conditions are bad. Romani largely maintain their own customs and traditions. Although a large number of Romani has adopted a sedentary and urban way of living, there are still nomadic settlements in some areas. The nomads at the settlements often differentiate themselves from the rest of the population. They number 200,000 according to the Greek government. According to the National Commission for Human Rights that number is closer to 250,000 and according to the Greek Helsinki Watch group to 300,000.
As a result of neglect by the state, among other factors, the Romani communities in Greece face several problems including high instances of child labour and abuse, low school attendance, police discrimination and drug trafficking. The most serious issue is the housing problem since many Romani in Greece still live in tents, on properties they do not own, making them subject to eviction. In the past decade these issues have received wider attention and some state funding.
Slavic-speaking
Slavic languages have been spoken in the region of Macedonia alongside Greek and others since the invasions of the Slavs in the 6th and 7th centuries AD. In parts of northern Greece, in the regions of Macedonia (Μακεδονία) and Thrace (Θράκη), Slavonic languages continue to be spoken by people with a wide range of self-identifications. The actual linguistic classification of these dialects is unclear, although most linguists will classify them as either Bulgarian or Macedonian taking into account numerous factors, including the resemblance and mutual intelligibility of each dialect to the standard languages (abstand) and the speakers' self-identification. (As however the vast majority do not have a Bulgarian or Macedonian national identity, linguists base their decisions on abstand alone.) Now, these people mainly identify as ethnic Greeks.
The Christian portion of Greece's Slavic-speaking minority are commonly referred to as Slavophones (from the Greek Σλαβόφωνοι Slavophōnoi — literally "Slavic-speakers") or Dopii (which means "locals" in Greek). The vast majority of them espouse a Greek national identity and are bilingual in Greek. They live mostly in the region of Western Macedonia and adhere to the Greek Orthodox Church. The fact that the majority of these people self-identify as Greek makes their number uncertain. The second group is made up of those who seem to reject any national identity (Greek or Slav Macedonian) but have distinct ethnic identity, which they may call "indigenous" (dopia), Slavomacedonian, or Macedonian. The smallest group is made up of those who have a clear Macedonian national identity and consider themselves as part of the same nation that predominates in the neighboring Republic of North Macedonia. A crucial element of that controversy is the very name Macedonian, as it is also used by a much more numerous group of people with a Greek national identity to indicate their regional identity. Slavic speakers also use the term "Macedonians" or "Slavomacedonians", though in a regional rather than an ethnic sense. Until and including the 1951 census the question of mother tongue was asked throughout Greece, so this gives a rough idea as to the size of this group, and later estimates are usually based on this figure.
The national identity of this community has frequently been loaded with political implications. The Politis-Kalfov Protocol signed on September 29, 1925 purported to recognize the Slav-speakers of Greek Macedonia as Bulgarians, but this protocol was never ratified. A short lived agreement was signed August 1926, which recognized them as a Serbian minority.
In the 1951 census, 41,017 people claimed to speak the Slavic language.
See also
Centre for the Macedonian Language in Greece
Demographics of Greece
Hellenization
Cultural assimilation
Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
Grecomans
Human rights in Greece
Iraqis in Greece
Notes
References
Abstracts "Focus: Minorities in Greece--historical issues and new perspectives", Jahrbücher für Geschichte und Kultur Südosteuropas
Review by Adamantios Skordos (History and Culture of South Eastern Europe) 5, 2003. Articles from a conference held in Berlin.
Richard Clogg, ed., Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society, London, 2003. .
Further reading
External links
Languages of Greece according to the Rosetta Project
Research Center for Minority Groups
Society of Greece
Ethnic groups in Greece
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Mendip District Council elections
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Prior to its 2023 abolition, Mendip District Council in Somerset, England was elected every four years. On 1 April of that year, the district was abolished and became part of the area of Somerset Council, a new unitary authority.
Political control
Leadership
The leaders of the council since 2007 have been:
Council elections
1973 Mendip District Council election
1976 Mendip District Council election
1979 Mendip District Council election (New ward boundaries)
1983 Mendip District Council election
1987 Mendip District Council election
1991 Mendip District Council election (District boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
1995 Mendip District Council election
1999 Mendip District Council election (New ward boundaries increased the number of seats by three)
2003 Mendip District Council election
2007 Mendip District Council election (New ward boundaries increased the number of seats by one)
2011 Mendip District Council election
2015 Mendip District Council election
2019 Mendip District Council election
District result maps
By-election results
1995–1999
1999–2003
2003–2007
2007–2011
2015–2019
2019–2023
References
Mendip election results
By-election results
External links
Archived version of former official website, Nov 2022
Mendip
Mendip
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Silva
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David Silva
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David Josué Jiménez Silva (born 8 January 1986) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played mainly as a central or an attacking midfielder but also played as a winger or second striker. His passing ability and possession-retaining qualities earned him the nicknames Merlin (reference to the legendary wizard Merlin) and El Mago from his teammates and fans. He is considered one of the greatest midfielders of his generation and one of Manchester City's greatest ever players.
Silva spent seven years of his professional career with Valencia, playing from 2004 to 2010, and won the Copa del Rey in 2008. In the summer of 2010, he moved to Manchester City and appeared in over 400 matches for the club, winning four Premier League titles, two FA Cups and five League Cups. Silva was also named in the PFA Team of the Year three times and is the youngest player to reach 200 wins in the Premier League. He left Manchester City in 2020 after a ten-year tenure and returned to La Liga with Real Sociedad, where he won his second Copa del Rey in 2020. Later on, he sustained an anterior cruciate ligament injury during preseason training with Real Sociedad, which forced him to retire in July 2023.
Silva represented Spain, from his debut for the senior team in 2006 until his international retirement in 2018. He formed a midfield partnership with Xavi and Andrés Iniesta which led to three consecutive international tournament victories – UEFA Euro 2008, 2010 FIFA World Cup, and UEFA Euro 2012. One of 13 Spanish players to have amassed 100 caps, Silva scored 35 goals for Spain, making him the 4th highest goalscorer in their history, and also provided 29 assists, making him the second-highest assist provider in their history.
Early life
David Silva was born in Arguineguín, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, to Fernando Jiménez, a former municipal police officer who eventually was responsible for the safety of the Valencia CF stadium and Eva Silva. His father, Fernando, is Spanish (Canarian) while his mother, Eva, is of Japanese descent, claimed by the Canarian media.
David Silva began playing football in the youth team of UD San Fernando, near Maspalomas. Originally, he played as a goalkeeper, before becoming a winger and mirrored his game around his footballing idol as a youth, Michael Laudrup. When he was 14, he received an offer to become a youth player at Valencia CF, which he accepted. He stayed in Valencia's youth set-up until he was 17.
Club career
Valencia
A product of Valencia's youth system, Silva made his professional debut in 2004–05, with Segunda División's Eibar, while on loan from Valencia, playing 35 league games and scoring on five occasions. In the following season, he was again out on loan, this time to Celta de Vigo, where he played 34 matches, scoring four goals. After two late substitute appearances, the first in a 2–0 home win over Málaga on 28 August 2005, Silva finished as an undisputed starter as the Galician side reached the UEFA Cup straight from the second-tier.
Silva returned to Valencia in the summer of 2006, becoming an automatic first-choice despite his young age of 20. In two seasons combined, he only missed six matches and netted 14 goals, his first league goal coming on 5 November 2006 in a 1–1 draw at Espanyol. In August 2008, he extended his contract by five years, amidst interest of several Premier League teams. He won the Copa del Rey 2008, his first title in Spain.
After not appearing in the first three months of 2008–09 due to a chronic ankle ailment, Silva returned to the call-ups in mid-December. On 3 January 2009, he scored twice in a 3–1 home win over Atlético Madrid, still contributing with 19 matches (four goals) as the Che qualified for the Europa League.
In the 2009–10 season, Silva scored a career-best eight goals, as Valencia finished in third position and returned to the UEFA Champions League. On 15 April 2010, he scored a brace against Athletic Bilbao for a 2–0 home win, adding three assists in the 4–4 thriller at Werder Bremen for the Europa League's round of 16.
Manchester City
2010–11: Debut season, ending the trophy drought
On 30 June 2010, Manchester City announced that they had reached an agreement with Valencia over the transfer of Silva and that he would join the club on a four-year deal, prior to the start of the 2010–11 season. On 14 July, the Premier League side completed the signing and Silva was awarded the number 21 shirt, the same number he wore for Valencia and when playing for Spain. Manchester City had previously tried to sign Silva and his Valencia teammate David Villa in 2008, but were put off when Valencia quoted a £135 million combined price tag on both players.
City manager Roberto Mancini mainly deployed Silva as a winger and later in a trequartista role in his first season. Silva made his Premier League debut on 14 August 2010 in a 0–0 draw against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane. He scored his first goal for the club on 16 September, eight minutes into the Europa League group match against Red Bull Salzburg. On 17 October, he scored his first league goal in a game against Blackpool, netting City's third goal in a 3–2 away win. He received three consecutive Manchester City Player of the Month awards from October to December 2010.
Following his debut season in the Premier League, Silva emerged as one of the league's finest playmakers. Carlos Tevez lauded him as "the best signing we [Manchester City] have made." Silva finished the 2010–11 campaign with four goals and seven assists in 35 league appearances.
2011–12: Premier League win, assist leader
Silva began the 2011–12 season in fine form, scoring the third goal in City's 4–0 thrashing of Swansea City and was voted man of the match. He also scored the following week against Bolton Wanderers, and was again named man of the match. Silva then set up two of Sergio Agüero's three goals in City's second home game against Wigan Athletic. He was beginning to form a great understanding with the Argentine, with the pair having combined to score three goals already. After a series of magnificent displays from Silva, City boss Roberto Mancini compared him to fellow Spain internationals Xavi and Andrés Iniesta and said that Silva is "one of the best players in the world." On 1 October, Silva was awarded the Premier League Player of the Month for his outstanding performances, making it the first time ever that two Manchester City players have won the award in back-to-back months with Edin Džeko winning it the month before.
In the first Manchester Derby of the season at Old Trafford, Manchester City won 6–1, with Silva proving, yet again, to be instrumental in the Manchester City attack, scoring the fifth goal, setting up Edin Džeko's second with a chested volley pass through the United defense, and participating in the first two goals with excellent passing to James Milner to assist Mario Balotelli. He was described as having been "two steps ahead of all the United players" in the aftermath of the match. On 25 October 2011, in an interview with a Spanish radio station, Silva revealed that he turned down Barcelona and Real Madrid so he could sign for City, and that he wants to stay at the club for years. He commented, "Madrid and Barcelona are great teams, but I'm happy here and I would like to stay here for many years." Former City and England defender Earl Barrett said he is almost impossible to stop due to his ability to create space and Andy Cole, who mostly played for Manchester United, has stated that Silva "is a joy to watch."
Having done well to cut the gap between them and Manchester United to just three points, City went into April's Manchester Derby knowing that a win would be enough to send them top of the Premier League on goal difference. In a match widely billed as the biggest game in Premier League history, Silva delivered a corner which was headed home by Vincent Kompany for the winner. City triumphed 1–0, and returned to the league summit having been eight points behind their city rivals as recently as the start of that month.
On 13 May 2012, with City heading into the final day of the season needing a win over QPR to secure their first top flight title in 44 years, Silva delivered a cross for Edin Džeko to score the equaliser in the 91st minute of the match. In addition to winning his first Premier League medal with Manchester City, he also finished the season on top of the assists table with 15 assists to his name and was one of four City players who made it in the PFA's Premier League Team of the Year.
2012–13: Premier League, FA Cup runner-up
On 17 September 2012, Silva signed a new five-year deal at City, committing himself to the Etihad Stadium until 2017.
Just six days after signing his new contract, Silva got off the mark in the 2012–13 Premier League season, registering an assist for Joleon Lescott in a 1–1 draw with Arsenal. He followed this up with another assist the following week, as he played in Aguero to score against Fulham at Craven Cottage. He injured himself playing for Spain in October, which meant he had to miss three games for Manchester City. On 11 November, he provided the crucial assist, a lofted through-ball, to striker Edin Džeko, who converted in the 88th minute to steal a 2–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur. His first league goal of the season came in a 5–0 thrashing of Aston Villa at home in the very next league match, on 17 November.
On 19 January 2013, Silva scored twice against Fulham at home in a 2–0 win. On 9 March, he scored the fifth and final goal in Manchester City's 5–0 win against Barnsley at the City of Manchester Stadium in the quarter-finals of the FA Cup, sealing progression to the semi-finals. Despite missing the clash with Chelsea through injury, City prevailed 2–1 through goals from Aguero and Samir Nasri, leading them to their second FA Cup Final in three seasons. They would face relegation-threatened Wigan Athletic at Wembley. Silva started the match and played the full 90 minutes, but the Blues were rocked by a Pablo Zabaleta red card, with a late Ben Watson header compounding their misery. It was one of the great FA Cup upsets, and ended up costing City boss Mancini his job.
In the penultimate Premier League game against Reading, Silva made a superb pass to Džeko which took the entire Reading defense out of the game. Džeko scored, sealing a 0–2 win in City's first match since the sacking of Roberto Mancini. Silva finished the season with four goals and ten assists in 32 league appearances for a City squad that finished runners-up to city rivals Manchester United for the Premier League title.
2013–14: Premier League and League Cup double
The 2013–14 Premier League season was a tough one for Silva, as numerous injuries limited him to just 27 league appearances. Nonetheless, he did well to maintain his stellar record of goals and assists for Manchester City. On 19 August 2013, Silva scored Manchester City's opening goal of the campaign in a 4–0 win against Newcastle United at the City of Manchester Stadium. He followed this up with an assist in the 3–2 defeat at Cardiff, crossing for Alvaro Negredo to score. On 5 October, Silva began one of his most productive spells in the Premier League. Making his first league start since August following a number of injury setbacks, he assisted Sergio Aguero to score against Everton, before scoring once and setting up another in a 3–1 victory over West Ham. Silva then scored again in the 7–0 home win over Norwich on 2 November, but his good form was curtailed by a calf injury, which ruled him out of City's next six games.
He made his return on 14 December, scoring at home in a 6–3 win over Arsenal, before setting up goals in each of the next two games against Fulham and Liverpool. Silva was also enjoying one of his most productive UEFA Champions League campaigns to date, having managed three assists and a goal in Group D, including a strike in a 3–2 win over champions Bayern Munich in December.
City had also progressed deep into the League Cup, eliminating Leicester and Newcastle to reach the semi-final, where they would face West Ham United. Silva played 73 minutes of the first leg, which City won by a large 6–0 scoreline, meaning he was rested for the return leg (a routine 3–0 win). He was restored to the starting lineup in the final, where goals from Yaya Touré, Nasri and substitute Jesús Navas earned City their first League Cup triumph since 1976.
The month of March was a productive one for Silva, as he registered two goals and two assists in the league, along with a slew of excellent performances. He was named Manchester City's Player of the Month for March 2014, after scoring in away matches against Hull City and Arsenal. Silva followed this up with a goal and assist against Liverpool at Anfield, but could not prevent the Blues slipping to a 3–2 defeat. However, following a strong run of form in the final five games of the season, City pipped the Merseysiders to the title, and Silva claimed his second Premier League winners medal to add to the one from 2011 to 2012. He ended the campaign with eight goals and 16 assists in all competitions.
2014–15: Contract extension, Premier League runner-up
On 10 August, Silva played in the 2014 FA Community Shield, a match City lost 3–0 to Arsenal. Two days later, he signed a five-year contract extension with City. Like the previous season, on 17 August, Silva scored Manchester City's opening goal of the 2014–15 Premier League season in a 2–0 away win against Newcastle United. Silva then scored against West Brom on Boxing Day.
On 21 February 2015, Silva scored a brace against Newcastle United in a 5–0 win. He won the Etihad Player of the Month award for his performances in February. On 4 March, Silva scored in 1–0 win against Leicester City to take him to ten league goals in a season for the first time in his career. Jamie Redknapp described him as a "maestro" for his performances for City, while his teammate Edin Džeko called him "the best player in the Premier League."
Three days later, City took on Barcelona at the Etihad Stadium in the first leg of their UEFA Champions League Round of 16 clash. The Blues were largely blown away by Barcelona's immense quality, but the game was marked by an ingenious backheel flick from Silva to Aguero, who scored to pull one back for City.
On 19 April, in a 2–0 victory over West Ham, Silva was caught in the face by the elbow of Cheikhou Kouyaté, requiring eight minutes of treatment before being substituted for Samir Nasri. Tests confirmed that he had not fractured his cheekbone.
On 10 May, Silva scored a goal in City's 6–0 win over Queens Park Rangers, which resulted in the latter's relegation. He ended the campaign with 12 goals and 10 assists in all competitions, with all 12 strikes coming in the Premier League- a career high.
2015–16: UEFA Champions League semi-final
In the opening match of the Premier League season, in a 0–3 win at West Brom, Silva delivered a performance his manager Manuel Pellegrini labelled "unbelievable". As well as assisting the team's third goal, a clever backheel flick on Yaya Touré's long range drive sent the ball spinning into the net. After providing another three assists for the team in August (in wins against Chelsea and Watford), Silva was nominated for both of the Manchester City and Premier League Player of the Month Awards for August, winning the former.
Silva was injured for most of October and November after picking up an ankle injury, while playing for Spain on 9 October. He made his return, as a 75th-minute substitute, in a 3–1 league defeat of Southampton on 28 November. He netted the opener in the last UEFA Champions League group stage match on 8 December, in a 4–2 home defeat of Borussia Mönchengladbach, which resulted in Manchester City topping their group for the first time. Silva provided another three assists in home victories against Tyne-Wear rivals Newcastle United and Sunderland.
Silva warming up before a preseason match against Tottenham in July 2017
In a 4–0 home league win against Crystal Palace on 16 January 2016, Silva scored one, set-up another two goals and played a key pass in the remaining goal. Having started every match of City's League Cup campaign since the quarter-final stage, he started the 2016 Football League Cup Final on 28 February, playing 110 minutes against Liverpool as the match went to extra time. He was replaced 10 minutes from time by Wilfried Bony, and Manchester City went on to defeat the Reds 3–1 on penalties, with Silva winning his second League Cup with the club. He claimed another brace of assists in a 4–0 home defeat of Aston Villa six days later.
On 24 February, Silva scored City's second as they beat Dynamo Kyiv 3–1 in the first leg of their Champions League Round of 16 tie, his second strike of the European campaign. He proceeded to start City's next four games in the competition, as the Blues made their deepest run in history, reaching the semi-finals. However, having started as one of City's brightest players in the semi-final first leg against Real Madrid, Silva was forced off after just 40 minutes due to injury. This caused him to miss the second leg at the Santiago Bernabeu, and his team suffered in his absence- the Blues were beaten 1–0 on the night and on aggregate. Pellegrini lamented the loss of his main playmaker, asserting that the absence of Silva had crippled his side and hamstrung their ability to create chances.
Silva ended the campaign with four goals and 12 assists in 36 matches, a disappointing campaign for him personally, and one in which he missed 22 matches due to a persistent ankle injury, amongst other issues. Nonetheless, it was a trophy-winning season, the ninth major honour of his career.
2016–17: Manchester City Player of the Year
With Pep Guardiola arriving as Manchester City's new manager to much fanfare, it was the beginning of a new era for City. Having put pen to paper on a three-year contract with the Blues, the legendary manager stated that one of the reasons he had come to the club was to work with Silva, whom he described as a special player, and one of the best he had ever trained. In Guardiola's first season at the club, Silva scored one goal in a 5–0 win over Steaua București in the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League play-off round. He enjoyed a relatively productive European campaign that season- having provided an assist for Raheem Sterling against Celtic, he later scored the equalising goal in a 1–1 draw against Borussia Mönchengladbach in the group stage. The Blues progressed to the knockout stages where they would face Monaco in the Round of 16, but despite another pinpoint Silva cross to assist Aguero, City crashed out of the tournament on away goals following a 6–6 aggregate draw.
In the league, despite a bright opening to the campaign when City stormed to the top of the table, it proved a difficult season for the Blues, as they eventually fell away and ended up finishing third, 15 points behind winners Chelsea. It was a season in transition for the team, who under Guardiola were beginning to implement a distinct footballing philosophy.
Despite the team's under-performance, Silva ended the campaign with eight goals and 11 assists in all competitions, and he beat off competition from Sergio Aguero and Kevin De Bruyne to be named Manchester City's Player of the Season. It was his second time being recognised as such, following his winning of the award in 2011–12, with the Spaniard fast becoming one of Pep Guardiola's favourites in the City side.
2017–18: Third Premier League and League Cup win
Silva started the 2017–18 season with yet another display of finesse, providing eight Premier League assists in 14 appearances, which was the highest total for any player in Europe's top five leagues. The 2017–18 season was an especially difficult time for the Spaniard, with his newborn son having been born extremely prematurely. This led to him having to jet back and forth between England and Spain to visit his son and partner in a hospital in Madrid. Despite this, Silva continued to produce excellent performances, and on 30 November 2017, he signed a one-year contract extension with Manchester City keeping him at the club until 2020. On 10 December, Silva scored the winner in a closely fought Manchester Derby at Old Trafford, stabbing the ball past David de Gea from close range.
Silva was forced to miss a crucial game against Tottenham Hotspur at the Etihad Stadium in December, as he was with his son in Spain. In his absence, City delivered a sumptuous performance, smashing Tottenham 4–1 following an urging from manager Pep Guardiola to secure the win for Silva and his partner Yessica. Midfielder Kevin De Bruyne held his fingers up to show the number 21, Silva's shirt number, after scoring City's second, in a touching tribute to the Spaniard. Manchester City ended up winning the Premier League with a record 100 point tally, leading to the team being nicknamed The Centurions. The 19 point gap to second-placed Manchester United was also a record winning margin, which stands to this day.
Silva also scored in the 2018 EFL Cup Final against Arsenal. For his contributions, Silva was nominated for the PFA Player of the Year and named in the PFA Team of the Year for the second time as City won the Premier League. It was the third Premier League title of Silva's career and his second time being named in the PFA Team of the Year, and he finished the season with 10 goals and 14 assists across all competitions.
2018–19: Four titles in one season
On 15 September 2018, in a 3–0 home win over Fulham, Silva scored his 50th Premier League goal in his 253rd appearance in the competition, also making his 350th appearance for Manchester City in the same match. City and Liverpool went head to head in an absorbing title race, which ended up with City pipping the Reds to the title by a single point.
It was a remarkable season for the Blues, as they went on to win the Community Shield, League Cup and FA Cup too, with Silva scoring in the final of the latter tournament. In doing this, they became the first club in English football history to win all four domestic honours in a single season. Silva played in 33 of City's 38 league games, registering 10 goals and 14 assists in all competitions as he picked up his second FA Cup, fourth League Cup and fourth Premier League title.
2019–20: Fifth League Cup win, departure, statue
Following the departure of Vincent Kompany in 2019, Silva inherited the club captaincy. On 26 June 2019, Silva announced that he would leave Manchester City at the end of the 2019–20 season. The campaign began with City facing Liverpool in the Community Shield at Wembley- City won on penalties following a 1–1 draw, with Silva producing a brilliant pass to assist Raheem Sterling for City's goal. On 8 July, he provided two assists, the second of which was his 10th of the season, and scored a free kick as City beat Newcastle United 5–0. With the free kick goal, he reached 150 Premier League goals and assists, which only a few midfielders had done before.
On 1 March 2020, City took on Aston Villa in the League Cup final, their third such final in as many years and fifth in seven seasons. The Blues won 2–1, with goals from Sergio Aguero and Rodri, and lifted the trophy for the third time in a row. It was Silva's only trophy as captain of Manchester City, and his fifth League Cup title overall, making him the most decorated player in the competition's 60-year history.
On 26 July 2020, Silva played his final Premier League game for Manchester City, a 5–0 win over Norwich City. He was substituted late on in the match, to applause from all present. Just under a month later, he played his last game in a City shirt, in a disappointing 3–1 defeat to Olympique Lyon in the Champions League quarter-finals, coming on as a late substitute. At the age of 34, Silva ended the campaign with a respectable return of six goals and 11 assists in all competitions, enough to earn himself a third appearance in the PFA Team of the Year despite City's underwhelming season.
On 17 August 2020, Manchester City chairman Khaldoon Al Mubarak announced plans for a statue of Silva, along with teammates Sergio Aguero and Vincent Kompany, to be installed at the Etihad Stadium to commemorate his 10-year "transformational" contribution at City.
The statues of Silva and Kompany were unveiled on 28 August 2021.
Real Sociedad
On 17 August 2020, Spanish club Real Sociedad announced the signing of Silva on a free transfer, despite reports of a move to Italian side Lazio.
Silva made his debut for the club in a 0–0 home draw against Real Madrid, coming on as a substitute in the second half. On 25 October 2020, Silva provided two assists as La Real beat Huesca 4–1 in La Liga. A week later, he scored his first goal for the club, in a 4–1 away win against Celta Vigo. Following his excellent performances for Sociedad, Silva was named in WhoScored's La Liga Team of the Month for November, as well as being named Real Sociedad Player of the Month.
On 21 February 2021, Silva once again provided two assists as Real Sociedad defeated Alaves 4–0 in the league. This propelled La Real to 5th in the table, while Silva became the only player to provide two assists in two different La Liga games that season.
On 3 April 2021, Silva started in and played 85 minutes of the 2020 Copa del Rey final against local rivals Athletic Bilbao. The match was settled by a 63rd minute penalty from La Real captain Mikel Oyarzabal, after Cristian Portu had been brought down in the box. Silva was substituted late in the game to a standing ovation from the Sociedad bench, and along with his teammates went on to lift the Copa Del Rey, Real Sociedad's first major trophy since 1987. It was the 16th major honour of David Silva's career, and his second Copa Del Rey title. This final was postponed from a year earlier, so Silva and Carlos Fernández had taken no part in the other rounds played in the 2019−20 season.
On 21 July 2023, Silva ruptured his anterior cruciate ligament. Just 6 days later, on 27 July, he announced his retirement from football aged 37.
International career
Silva first represented Spain in the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Finland, scoring three goals. In 2006, he became an under-21 international and scored four goals during the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship; this was enough to earn him joint-fourth place in the goal ranking, alongside Italian striker Graziano Pellè.
Silva made his senior international debut in the 1–0 friendly home defeat to Romania on 15 November 2006, and continued to receive call-ups to the side after good contributions in his first games. On 22 August 2007, he scored his first two goals for Spain, netting twice in a 3–2 friendly win versus Greece, and was then called up to the squad of 23 for UEFA Euro 2008.
UEFA Euro 2008
Silva started five of Spain's six matches at Euro 2008. In Spain's second group stage match against Sweden in Innsbruck, he assisted Fernando Torres with a pinpoint cross from the edge of the box, with the Liverpool forward scoring the opener in an eventual 2–1 win.
In the semi-finals game versus Russia, Silva scored the third goal for Spain after a quick counter-attack in which Cesc Fàbregas delivered a low cross, and he sent the ball into Igor Akinfeev's goal with his left foot. In the final, he was involved in an incident with Germany's Lukas Podolski. After he pulled Podolski to the ground, the German approached Silva, which resulted in an angry exchange of words and a coming together of heads that the referee decided not to punish. Shortly afterward, Spanish coach Luis Aragonés substituted Silva for Santi Cazorla in an attempt to calm the tensions.
2010 FIFA World Cup
After appearing regularly during 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification, Silva was also picked for the squad for the finals in South Africa. He played in the first match against Switzerland which ended in a 1–0 defeat, then against Germany in the semi-finals, as a late substitute in a 1–0 victory.
Spain eventually won their first World Cup title after beating the Netherlands 1–0 after extra time in the final.
UEFA Euro 2012 Qualifying
On 11 August 2010, during an international friendly with Mexico, Silva scored two minutes into second-half injury time, ending the game with a 1–1 draw. In a Euro 2012 qualifier against Liechtenstein on 3 September 2010, Silva scored after 62 minutes, in a 4–0 away win. The following month, in the same competition, he scored through a rare header, as the national team downed Lithuania in Salamanca (3–1).In a friendly against Colombia on 9 February 2011, he came off the bench to score the game's only goal with just four minutes remaining, helping Spain to a hard-fought 1–0 win. He scored twice and provided one assist in Spain's 3–1 victory against Scotland in their final match of the Euro 2012 qualifiers. The win saw the Spaniards enter the tournament with a perfect qualifying record by winning all their group games. He scored the first goal in Spain's 2–2 comeback against Costa Rica, a friendly match where he came on as a substitute in the second half with Spain trailing 2–0. He once again scored in a friendly against Venezuela to make the score 2–0 in a match that ended in a 5–0 win. Heading into Euro 2012, he scored in their pre-tournament friendly against China by finishing off a short give and go from Andrés Iniesta in the 84th minute.
UEFA Euro 2012
Silva was a starter in all six matches of Spain's Euro 2012 campaign. In their opening match of the tournament against Italy, he delivered a superb flicked through ball to Cesc Fàbregas, who scored to level the game up at 1–1.
In Spain's second Group C match against the Republic of Ireland, Silva produced one of the performances of the tournament, scoring one and providing two assists in a 4–0 win. His goal was mesmeric, as he left Sean St. Ledger on the floor and beat Stephen Ward before coolly slotting it past former Manchester City teammate Shay Given.
In the 14th minute of the UEFA Euro 2012 Final, he headed home a Cesc Fàbregas cross, giving Spain a 1–0 lead.
The match ended 4–0 and concluded the tournament in which Silva scored two goals and made three assists, the best efficiency (goals and assists) of any player at the Euros. He was subsequently named in UEFA's Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament for his performances. He also finished as the joint highest assist provider at the Euros, with three.
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup
Silva was named in Vicente del Bosque's 23-man squad list for Spain's contestation of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, held in Brazil. On 20 June 2013, he scored two goals and assisted one for David Villa in Spain's 10–0 group stage demolition of Tahiti at the Maracanã. Spain would go on to reach the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Final, where they were soundly beaten 3–0 by hosts Brazil.
2014 FIFA World Cup
Silva was part of Spain's 23-man squad which traveled to Brazil for the 2014 World Cup. With La Roja looking to defend the title they captured four years ago in South Africa, Silva started the opening match against the Netherlands in Bahia. However, they were unable to repeat their success over the Oranje from 2010, and succumbed to a 5–1 loss, despite taking an early lead.
Silva started the second group stage game, against Chile, playing the full 90 minutes. However, it was another bad outing for the side, who were soundly beaten 2–0 and eliminated from the tournament.
Despite the team's under-performance, Silva was one of the brighter sparks for La Roja, creating seven chances for his team, the most of any Spanish player at the World Cup.
UEFA Euro 2016
Euro 2016 was one of Silva's best outings for the National Team at a major tournament. Starting in all four matches, Silva began the tournament with a show stopping display against the Czech Republic, in which he created six chances for his team- the most of any Spain player in a single match at the tournament. The game ended in a 1–0 victory for the reigning European champions.
In the second group game, a clash with Turkey in Nice, Silva was a key cog as Spain produced one of their best performances of the tournament, dispatching the Turks 3–0. Silva was mesmeric throughout, and received a standing ovation from Spain and Turkey fans alike when he was substituted late in the game.
Silva played the full 90 minutes in La Roja's third group stage game against Croatia. It was an exceptional display, with the midfielder playing a sublime through ball to teammate Cesc Fàbregas, who squared for Alvaro Morata to score the opener. He later won a penalty, which was missed by Sergio Ramos, as Spain fell to a 2–1 defeat. Despite this, Silva created five chances in the game, the second most of any Spain player in a Euro 2016 match, after himself. Spain were eventually eliminated in the round of 16 by Italy, who beat them 2–0.
Silva ended the tournament averaging 3.3 chances created per 90, the third highest at the tournament.
Later years and retirement
Silva continued his goal scoring record under new boss Julen Lopetegui, scoring 9 times in 12 matches. In May 2018, Silva was named to Spain's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. He started all their matches in their World Cup campaign, which eventually ended with a 3–4 penalty shootout defeat to hosts Russia in the Round of 16.
After the 2018 World Cup, Silva announced his retirement from international football. He ended his international career with 125 caps for Spain, having scored 35 goals. Following his retirement, Silva drew plaudits from many of his former teammates, being described as "one of the best ever" and "one of the most talented players Spain has ever produced, without a shadow of a doubt" by midfield partners Andres Iniesta and Xavi Hernandez. Vicente del Bosque, who led Spain to the 2010 World Cup and Euro 2012 titles, even went as far as to declare Silva "Spain's Lionel Messi".
Style of play
A talented and agile left-footed player, Silva is known for having an excellent first touch, good dribbling skills, and outstanding technical ability, which, along with his intelligent attacking movements, allow him to retain possession in tight spaces, and to create space for himself and teammates to open up a defence.
Silva's composure on the ball, as well as his vision, passing accuracy, ability to read the game, pick a pass, and control the tempo of his team's play have seen him become one of the best players in the world in his position, as well as one of the best midfielders in Premier League history, and earned him the nicknames Merlin (reference to the legendary wizard Merlin) and El Mago. He is also considered one of the greatest midfielders of his generation and one of Manchester City's greatest ever players.
Although he primarily serves as a playmaker for his team, he is capable of scoring goals himself as well as creating them, which enables him to be deployed in several offensive roles: he is usually fielded in a free role as an attacking midfielder, where he is given space to roam the pitch, but has also been used as a winger, as a false 9, as a second striker or as a deeper-lying central midfielder.
Personal life
During December 2017, Silva had been missing games to return to Spain for personal reasons. On 3 January 2018, he said that his newborn son, Mateo, had been born extremely prematurely and was fighting to stay alive. On 11 May 2018, Mateo was reported as healthy and was allowed to come home.
Silva is a devout Catholic.
Career statistics
Club
International
Spain score listed first, score column indicates score after each Silva goal.
Honours
Valencia
Copa del Rey: 2007–08
Manchester City
Premier League: 2011–12, 2013–14, 2017–18, 2018–19
FA Cup: 2010–11, 2018–19
Football League/EFL Cup: 2013–14, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20
FA Community Shield: 2012, 2019
Real Sociedad
Copa del Rey: 2019–20
Spain U19
UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2004
Spain
FIFA World Cup: 2010
UEFA European Championship: 2008, 2012
Individual
FIFA U-17 World Championship Bronze Ball: 2003
Pedro Zaballa Award: 2005
Premier League Player of the Month: September 2011
Most assists in the Premier League: 2011–12
Most assists in the UEFA European Championship: 2012
Manchester City Player of the Season: 2016–17
Manchester City Players' Player of the Season: 2011–12
PFA Team of the Year: 2011–12 Premier League, 2017–18 Premier League, 2019–20 Premier League
UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 2012
Premier League Player of the Year by Northwest Football Awards: 2017
Orders
Medalla de Oro de Canarias: 2010
Prince of Asturias Award for Sports: 2010
Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sporting Merit: 2011
See also
List of footballers with 100 or more caps
References
External links
National team data at BDFutbol
Profile at the Real Sociedad website
1986 births
Living people
Spanish people of Japanese descent
People from Mogán
Footballers from the Province of Las Palmas
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Valencia CF Mestalla footballers
Valencia CF players
SD Eibar footballers
RC Celta de Vigo players
Manchester City F.C. players
Real Sociedad footballers
Segunda División B players
Segunda División players
La Liga players
Premier League players
Spain men's youth international footballers
Spain men's under-21 international footballers
Spain men's international footballers
UEFA Euro 2008 players
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
FIFA Men's Century Club
UEFA European Championship-winning players
FIFA World Cup-winning players
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate men's footballers in England
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4781791
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20de%20Sabran
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Louis de Sabran
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Louis de Sabran or Lewis Sabran (1 March 1652 – 22 January 1732) was a French Jesuit. He was associated with the court of James II of England and engaged in vigorous theological debates with both Anglican and Puritan spokesmen.
Early life and education
He was born in Paris in 1652 to the Marquis de Sabran of Provence, a French ambassador in London during the Commonwealth who visited the Catholic martyrs Ralph Corbie and John Duckett before their executions. Louis married an English lady, was educated at the English Jesuit College of St. Omer, being ordained in 1679 and admitted to the Society of Jesus in 1688.
Career
In 1687 he was made the royal chaplain to James II. A sermon he preached to the king on August 28 of that year on the invocation of saints led to a pamphlet war with William Gee, a Puritan. He also entered into a controversy with William Sherlock, the Anglican theologian and Dean of St. Paul's. He was the assumed author of Dr. Sherlock Sifted from his Bran and Chaff in 1687, which Sherlock answered. Sabran answered the reply with An Answer to Dr. Sherlock's Preservative and then Dr. Sherlock's Preservative Considered in 1688. That same year he was made the chaplain to the infant Prince of Wales.
When the Glorious Revolution began, Sabran was responsible for getting the prince out of the country. They headed for Portsmouth, but he was then ordered to return to London before being allowed to escape. He disguised himself as an attendant to a group of Polish nobles but was discovered by a crowd and beaten and imprisoned. He was freed from prison, however, by order of the king. Sherlock coincidentally issued a reply to Sabran as the revolution was starting, entitled A Vindication: an Answer to the Cavils of Lewis Sabran.
After returning to France, Sabran was elected to be sent to Rome, Italy to the Vatican by the council of Watten in 1693. He was appointed visitator of the Neapolitan Jesuits, and represented his province at Rome in the congregation of 1693, when the case of Father González was discussed. In 1699, the Prince-Bishop of Liège made him the president of the Diocesan Seminary of Liège to answer charges of Jansenism among the faculty. The bishop had to enforce order with soldiers. Once the crisis was passed, Father Sabran's rule was successful, and he remained there until 1704.
In 1708/09, he was made provincial superior. He then wrote to Father Metcalfe, a Jesuit in the north, about the progress of Jansenism, but his letter was intercepted, and was declared by some to portend that he intended to gain possession of the University of Douai, as he had done that of Liège. A long-drawn and somewhat bitter controversy ensued. From 1712 to 1715 he was the headmaster of St. Omer, where he maintained a devotion to St. Melangell. In 1717 he was made the spiritual father of the English College in Rome. He died in Rome in 1732.
Legacy
The titles of his controversial tracts can be found in Sommervogel's encyclopedia; he is alleged to have written a paper, Artes Bajanae (about 1701), against Jansenism.
References
Cooper, Thompson and Geoffrey Holt. "Lewis Sabran". In Matthew, H.C.G. and Brian Harrison, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. vol. 48, 518–519. London: Oxford University Press.
Sabran, Lewis
17th-century French Jesuits
18th-century French Jesuits
Sabran, Lewis
1652 births
1732 deaths
17th-century French nobility
Louis
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4781801
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore%20%22Ciaschiteddu%22%20Greco
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Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco
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Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco (, ; 13 January 1923 – 7 March 1978) was a powerful mafioso and boss of the Sicilian Mafia in Ciaculli, an outlying suburb of Palermo famous for its citrus fruit groves, where he was born. His nickname, "Ciaschiteddu" or "Cicchiteddu", translates from the Sicilian alternatively as "little bird" or as "little wine jug".
"Ciaschiteddu" Greco was the first "secretary" of the first Sicilian Mafia Commission that was formed somewhere in 1958. That position came to him almost naturally because he headed one of the most influential Mafia clans at the time, which went back to the late 19th century.
Early life
He was the son of Giuseppe Greco who was killed during a bloody internal feud between the factions of the Greco Mafia clan in Ciaculli and Croceverde Giardini in 1946-47. The peace between the two rival factions of the Greco clan was settled by giving the rights of the Giardini estate to Salvatore "Ciaschiteddu" Greco and his cousin Salvatore Greco, also known as "l'ingegnere" or "Totò il lungo". Although descendants of the old, established rural Mafia, the Greco cousins quickly learned to profit from the post-war economic boom and became involved in cigarette smuggling and heroin trafficking.
Head of the Mafia Commission
"Ciaschiteddu" Greco was present at a series of meetings between top American and Sicilian mafiosi that took place in Palermo between 12–16 October 1957, in hotel Delle Palme in Palermo. Joseph Bonanno, Lucky Luciano, John Bonventre, Frank Garofalo, Santo Sorge and Carmine Galante were among the American mafiosi present, while among the Sicilian side there were – apart from the Greco cousins – Giuseppe Genco Russo, Angelo La Barbera, Gaetano Badalamenti, Calcedonio Di Pisa and Tommaso Buscetta.
One of the outcomes of this meeting was that the Sicilian Mafia composed its first Sicilian Mafia Commission and appointed "Ciaschiteddu" Greco as its "primus inter pares".
The Mattei affair
According to Buscetta, who became a repentant in 1984, "Ciaschiteddu" Greco was involved in the killing of Enrico Mattei, the controversial president of the state oil company Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi, who died in a mysterious plane crash on October 27, 1962. Mattei allegedly was killed at the request of the American Mafia because his oil policies had damaged important American interests in the Middle East. The American Mafia in turn was possibly doing a favour to the large oil companies.
Buscetta claimed that Mattei's death was organized by Mafia bosses "Ciaschiteddu" Greco, Stefano Bontade and Giuseppe Di Cristina on the request of Angelo Bruno, a Sicilian born Mafia boss from Philadelphia. Gaetano Iannì, another pentito, declared that a special agreement had been achieved between Cosa Nostra and "some foreigners" for the elimination of Mattei which was organized by Giuseppe Di Cristina. These statements triggered new inquiries, including the exhumation of Mattei's corpse.
The Commission was probably also involved in the decision to kill the journalist Mauro De Mauro, who disappeared on September 16, 1970 while investigating the Mattei case on request of film director Francesco Rosi, for the film The Mattei Affair () released in 1972.
First Mafia War
"Ciaschiteddu" Greco was one of the protagonists in a bloody Mafia war between rival clans in Palermo in the early 1960s—known as the First Mafia War and followed by a second in the 1980s— for the control of the profitable opportunities brought about by rapid urban growth and the illicit heroin trade to North America. The conflict was sparked by a quarrel over an underweight shipment of heroin and the murder of Calcedonio Di Pisa – an ally of the Grecos – in December 1962.
The Grecos suspected the brothers Salvatore and Angelo La Barbera of the attack. Salvatore La Barbera disappeared on the 17th of January, and the police suspected Greco of ordering the murder. Many mafiosi from both the Greco and La Barbera sides were killed in the conflict, but it was later discovered that the war was in fact started by Michele Cavataio, who was hostile to both Grecos and La Barbera and successfully pitted them against one another for his own goals.
On 30 June 1963 a car bomb exploded near Greco's house in Ciaculli, killing seven police and military officers sent to defuse it after an anonymous phone call. The outrage over the Ciaculli Massacre changed the Mafia war into a war against the Mafia. It prompted the first concerted anti-mafia efforts by the state in post-war Italy. The Sicilian Mafia Commission was dissolved and of those mafiosi who had escaped arrest many went abroad. "Ciaschiteddu" Greco fled to Caracas in Venezuela.
The repression caused by the Ciaculli Massacre disarranged the Sicilian heroin trade to the United States. Mafiosi were banned, arrested and incarcerated. Control over the trade fell into the hands of a few fugitives: the Greco cousins, Pietro Davì, Tommaso Buscetta and Gaetano Badalamenti.
On 22 December 1968, "Ciaschiteddu" Greco was sentenced in absentia to four years in prison at the trial against "the 114" in Catanzaro that was a consequence of the Ciaculli Massacre. In the appeal he was acquitted. In 1973 he received the maximum period of five years of internal banishment at the remote island of Asinara, but he was nowhere to be found.
In Venezuela
Meanwhile, in Venezuela Greco formed alliances with the Gambino crime family in New York and the Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan from Siculiana (Sicily) to facilitate drug trafficking.
While he resided in Venezuela, "Ciaschiteddu" Greco still remained an important figure in the internal leadership of Cosa Nostra, for which he travelled to Italy regularly. He was involved in the decisions to re-establish the Mafia Commission in 1970, and whether or not to take part in the neo-fascist coup attempt of Junio Valerio Borghese for which Borghese had offered amnesty for Mafia members in prison. Cosa Nostra decided not to take part and the attempt was foiled on 8 December 1970.
In January 1978, an ailing Greco traveled from his home in Venezuela to Italy in an effort to restrain Gaetano Badalamenti, Giuseppe Di Cristina and Salvatore Inzerillo from retaliating against the growing power of the Corleonesi headed by Totò Riina. His efforts were in vain and the struggle was the prelude to the Second Mafia War.
On 7 March 1978, Greco died in Caracas, Venezuela from cirrhosis of the liver.
References
Arlacchi, Pino (1994). Addio Cosa nostra: La vita di Tommaso Buscetta, Milan: Rizzoli
Dickie, John (2004). Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia, London: Coronet
Gambetta, Diego (1993).The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection, London: Harvard University Press,
Servadio, Gaia (1976). Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day, London: Secker & Warburg
Shawcross, Tim & Martin Young (1987). Men Of Honour: The Confessions Of Tommaso Buscetta, Glasgow: Collins
Sterling, Claire (1990). Octopus. How the long reach of the Sicilian Mafia controls the global narcotics trade, New York: Simon & Schuster,
Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York: Vintage
Chotjewitz, Peter O. (1973). Malavita. Mafia zwischen gestern und morgen, Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch
1923 births
1978 deaths
Gangsters from Palermo
Sicilian mafiosi
Sicilian Mafia Commission
Deaths from cirrhosis
Greco Mafia clan
Deaths in Caracas
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4781826
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haynes%E2%80%93Shockley%20experiment
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Haynes–Shockley experiment
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In semiconductor physics, the Haynes–Shockley experiment was an experiment that demonstrated that diffusion of minority carriers in a semiconductor could result in a current. The experiment was reported in a short paper by Haynes and Shockley in 1948, with a more detailed version published by Shockley, Pearson, and Haynes in 1949.
The experiment can be used to measure carrier mobility, carrier lifetime, and diffusion coefficient.
In the experiment, a piece of semiconductor gets a pulse of holes, for example, as induced by voltage or a short laser pulse.
Equations
To see the effect, we consider a n-type semiconductor with the length d. We are interested in determining the mobility of the carriers, diffusion constant and relaxation time. In the following, we reduce the problem to one dimension.
The equations for electron and hole currents are:
where the js are the current densities of electrons (e) and holes (p), the μs the charge carrier mobilities, E is the electric field, n and p the number densities of charge carriers, the Ds are diffusion coefficients, and x is position. The first term of the equations is the drift current, and the second term is the diffusion current.
Derivation
We consider the continuity equation:
Subscript 0s indicate equilibrium concentrations. The electrons and the holes recombine with the carrier lifetime τ.
We define
so the upper equations can be rewritten as:
In a simple approximation, we can consider the electric field to be constant between the left and right electrodes and neglect ∂E/∂x. However, as electrons and holes diffuse at different speeds, the material has a local electric charge, inducing an inhomogeneous electric field which can be calculated with Gauss's law:
where ε is permittivity, ε0 the permittivity of free space, ρ is charge density, and e0 elementary charge.
Next, change variables by the substitutions:
and suppose δ to be much smaller than . The two initial equations write:
Using the Einstein relation , where β is the inverse of the product of temperature and the Boltzmann constant, these two equations can be combined:
where for D*, μ* and τ* holds:
, and
Considering n >> p or p → 0 (that is a fair approximation for a semiconductor with only few holes injected), we see that D* → Dp, μ* → μp and 1/τ* → 1/τp. The semiconductor behaves as if there were only holes traveling in it.
The final equation for the carriers is:
This can be interpreted as a Dirac delta function that is created immediately after the pulse. Holes then start to travel towards the electrode where we detect them. The signal then is Gaussian curve shaped.
Parameters μ, D and τ can be obtained from the shape of the signal.
where d is the distance drifted in time t0, and δt the pulse width.
See also
Alternating current
Conduction band
Convection–diffusion equation
Direct current
Drift current
Free electron model
Random walk
References
External links
Applet simulating the Haynes–Shockley experiment
Video explaining the original experiment
Educational approach to the HS experiment
Semiconductors
Charge carriers
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